Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Microbial Fermentation of Biowastes

Description

Microbial Fermentation of Biowastes summarizes new advances in the development of various strategies for enhanced microbial fermentation for organic waste conversion to bioenergy/biochemicals, and for biodegradation of plastic waste. Sections cover principles of additive strategies, multi-stage bioreactors, microbial bioaugmentation strategies, genetically engineered microorganisms, co-digestion strategies, feedstock pre-treatment strategies, enzyme technologies, and hybrid technologies methods. In addition, the book reviews progress in the conversion of common wastes to bioenergy and biochemicals via enhanced anaerobic digestion, also summarizing the significant progress achieved on enhancing anaerobic digestion via additive strategy, multi-stage bioreactor strategy, microbial bioaugmentation strategy, genetic engineering approach, and much more. Front cover Half title Full title Copyright Contents Contributors Preface Chapter 1 - Strategies for enhanced microbial fermentation processes 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Characteristics of common biowastes 1.2.1 Food waste 1.2.2 Agricultural waste and yard waste 1.2.3 Animal manure 1.2.4 Wastewater and waste activated sludge 1.2.5 Algal residues 1.3 Strategies for enhancing microbial fermentation 1.3.1 Additive strategies 1.3.2 Multistage bioreactors 1.3.3 Bioaugmentation strategies 1.3.4 Genetically engineered microorganisms 1.3.5 Codigestion strategies 1.3.6 Feedstock pretreatment strategies 1.3.7 Application of enzymes 1.3.8 Hybrid technologies 1.4 Global prospects 1.5 Conclusions and perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter 2 - Conversion of food waste to bioenergy and biochemicals via anaerobic digestion 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Conversion of food waste to bioenergy and biochemicals 2.2.1 Bioproducts generated during hydrolysis 2.2.1.1 Sugars 2.2.1.2 Amino acids 2.2.2 Bioproducts generated during acidogenesis 2.2.2.1 Lactic acid 2.2.2.2 Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and alcohols 2.2.2.3 Medium-chain fatty acids 2.2.2.4 Hydrogen 2.2.3 Potential bioenergy generated from methanogenesis 2.2.3.1 Methane 2.2.3.2 Hythane 2.2.3.3 Anaerobic configurations for bioenergy production Single-phase anaerobic digestion Two-phase anaerobic digestion Electro-fermentation 2.3 Integrated bioprocesses with food waste anaerobic digestion for bioresource recovery 2.3.1 Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from food waste after anaerobic digestion 2.3.2 Bio-based electricity generation 2.3.3 Biofertilizer produced in anaerobic digestion treating food waste 2.4 Challenges and limitations in bioconversion of food waste to bioresources via anaerobic digestion 2.5 Conclusions and perspectives References Chapter 3 - Conversion of agricultural wastes to bioenergy and biochemicals via anaerobic digestion 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Biomass densification to promote feedstock supply efficiency 3.2.1 Technical feasibility of applying biomass densification for anaerobic digestion 3.2.1.1 Does anaerobic digestion of densified biomass require a recrushing step? 3.2.1.2 Is biomass densification negative to the efficiency of anaerobic digestion? 3.2.2 Economic feasibility of biomass densification for anaerobic digestion 3.3 Pretreatment of agricultural residues for anaerobic digestion 3.3.1 Hydrothermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for anaerobic digestion 3.3.2 Net energy of hydrothermal pretreatment at lower temperature for anaerobic digestion 3.4 Enhancement techniques for anaerobic digestion 3.4.1 Waste bottom ash of biomass power generation as an accelerator 3.4.2 Improving the mixing performances of anaerobic digestion of agricultural residues 3.4.3 Digester design to promote the anaerobic digestion of agricultural residues 3.5 Utilization of the anaerobic digestion products 3.5.1 Utilization of biogas and upgradation 3.5.2 Valorization of the digested residues by producing biochar 3.6 Conclusions and perspectives References Chapter 4 - Conversion of manure to bioenergy and biochemicals via anaerobic digestion 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Biogas and biomethane production from manures through AD 4.2.1 Ammonia-tolerant digestion of low C/N manures 4.2.2 Codigestion of manures to improve methane production 4.2.2.1 Codigestion of different kinds of manure 4.2.2.2 Cardboard and CM codigestion 4.2.2.3 Enteromorpha and CM codigestion 4.2.2.4 Codigestion of green waste and chicken manure 4.2.3 Enhancement of biogas production through AD 4.3 Additional value from AD 4.3.1 Biohydrogen production from manure through AD 4.3.2 Bioethanol production through AD 4.3.3 Biohythane production through AD 4.3.4 Volatile fatty acids production through AD 4.3.5 Lactic acid production through AD 4.3.6 Long-chain fatty acids production through AD 4.4 Conclusions and perspectives References Chapter 5 - Conversion of wastewater to bioenergy and biochemicals via anaerobic digestion 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Bioenergy production 5.2.1 Methane production 5.2.2 Biohydrogen production 5.3 Biochemicals production 5.3.1 Bioethanol production 5.3.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production 5.3.3 Biopesticides production 5.3.4 Bioflocculant production 5.4 Conclusions and perspectives References Chapter 6 - Algal cultivation and algal residue conversion to bioenergy and valuable chemicals 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Advantages and development of energy from microalgae 6.2.1 Species of energy microalgae 6.2.2 Efficient cultivation of microalgae 6.2.2.1 Open pond culture systems 6.2.2.2 Closed culture system 6.2.2.3 Immobilized and biofilm attached culture of microalgae 6.3 Microalgae sewage treatment and resource engineering technology 6.3.1 Pretreatment of biogas slurry wastewater 6.3.2 Breeding and domestication of microalgae 6.4 Application of microalgae culture in wastewater treatment 6.4.1 Culture of microalgae 6.4.2 Separation and recovery of microalgae 6.4.3 Development of microalgae rich in high value products 6.5 Conclusions and perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 - Additive strategies for enhanced anaerobic digestion for bioenergy and biochemicals 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Additive strategies for enhanced AD for bioenergy 7.2.1 Iron-based additives 7.2.1.1 ZVI addition–enhanced AD The mechanism of ZVI affects the AD Application of ZVI in AD and its operating parameters 7.2.1.2 The addition of Fe(II) and Fe(III) for the enhancement of AD 7.2.1.3 Iron oxide addition–enhanced AD 7.2.2 Carbon-based functional materials 7.2.2.1 AC additives AC productions and its effect on AD The mechanism behind the addition of AC in AD Parameters that affect the efficiency of the addition AC in AD 7.2.2.2 Biochar additives Biochar production and features Biochar as a stabilizing agent for AD Effect of biochar addition on microorganism metabolism in AD 7.2.2.3 Other carbon-based functional materials 7.2.3 Biological additives 7.2.3.1 Microbial inoculum 7.2.3.2 Enzymes 7.3 Additive strategies for enhanced AD for biochemicals 7.3.1 VFA production from AD 7.3.2 Medium-chain carboxylates production from AD 7.3.3 Bioethanol and lactic acid production from AD 7.4 Conclusions and perspectives References Chapter 8 - Bioreactors for enhanced anaerobic digestion for bioenergy and biochemicals 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Bioreactors for enhanced AD for bioenergy 8.2.1 A brief history of the anaerobic digesters 8.2.2 Novel anaerobic digesters for enhanced methane yield 8.2.2.1 Multistage AD reactors 8.2.2.2 ZVI AD reactors 8.2.2.3 Bioelectrochemical AD reactors 8.2.2.4 Microbubble AD reactors 8.2.3 Novel anaerobic digesters for enhanced hydrogen yield 8.2.3.1 Microbial electrolysis cell-anaerobic digesters 8.2.3.2 Anaerobic down-flow structured-bed reactors 8.3 Bioreactors for enhanced AD for biochemicals 8.3.1 A brief history of the anaerobic digesters for biochemicals 8.3.2 Novel anaerobic digesters for enhanced organic acid yield 8.3.2.1 Multistage AD reactors 8.3.2.2 Microbial electrosynthesis AD reactors 8.3.2.3 Anaerobic dynamic membrane reactors 8.3.3 Novel anaerobic digesters for enhanced alcohol yield 8.3.4 Novel anaerobic digesters for enhanced biodiesel yield 8.4 Conclusions and perspectives References Chapter 9 - Bioaugmentation strategies via acclimatized microbial consortia for bioenergy production 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Theoretical basis and operational procedures of bioaugmentation strategies 9.2.1 Theoretical basis 9.2.2 Common operational procedures 9.3 Key findings in bioaugmentation strategies for enhancing AD 9.3.1 Bioaugmentation for mitigating ammonia inhibition 9.3.2 Bioaugmentation for enhancing biodegradation of lignocellulosic biomass 9.3.3 Bioaugmentation for relieving pressure from high concentration of VFA or overloaded AD 9.3.4 Bioaugmentation for enhancing AD for biohydrogen production 9.3.5 Bioaugmentation for enhancing biodegradation of pollutants (e.g. plastics) in AD digesters 9.4 Challenges and opportunities of bioaugmentation to enhance AD for biofuel production 9.5 Conclusions and perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter 10 - Microbial fermentation via genetically engineered microorganisms for production of bioenergy and biochemicals 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Engineering E. coli to produce 1,4-butanediol 10.2.1 Pathway to produce 4-hydroxybutyrate from central metabolism 10.2.2 Pathway to produce 1,4-BDO from central metabolism 10.2.3 Improving 1,4-BDO production from glucose 10.3 Engineering S. cerevisiae to utilize xylose 10.3.1 Constructing S. cerevisiae strains to grow on xylose 10.3.2 Redox-imbalance limited the ethanol yield through the oxidoreductive pathway 10.3.3 Xylulose isomerase–based xylose utilization pathway 10.3.4 Improving xylose utilization based on the xylulose isomerase pathway 10.3.5 Understanding how ALE improved xylose utilization 10.3.6 Alleviating catabolite repression in S. cerevisiae through adaptive laboratory evolution 10.3.7 Alleviating catabolite repression in S. cerevisiae through sugar transporter engineering 10.4 Conclusions and perspectives Acknowledgment References Chapter 11 - Anaerobic digestion via codigestion strategies for production of bioenergy 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Composition of organic wastes and their monodigestion performances 11.2.1 Lignocellulosic waste 11.2.2 Animal manure 11.2.3 Food waste 11.3 Anaerobic codigestion 11.3.1 Definition of codigestion 11.3.2 Bioenergy recovery 11.3.3 Process stability 11.3.3.1 Influence of operating parameters on stability 11.3.3.2 Improvement of codigestion process stability 11.4 Microbial community in codigestion system 11.4.1 Microbials in codigestion system 11.4.2 Effect of C/N ratio on microbial community 11.4.3 Effect of pH on microbial community 11.4.4 Effect of trace elements on microbial community 11.4.5 Effect of pretreatment on microbial community 11.5 Life-cycle assessment of codigestion process 11.5.1 Methodology of LCA study 11.5.2 LCA of the ACoD process 11.5.2.1 Comparison of codigestion with current management system 11.5.2.2 Comparison of codigestion and monodigestion process 11.5.2.3 Effects of end-products utilization on LCA conclusions 11.5.2.4 Effects of pretreatment on LCA conclusions 11.5.2.5 Effects of policy on LCA conclusions 11.6 Conclusions and perspectives Acknowledgements References Chapter 12 - Feedstock pretreatment for enhanced anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic residues for bioenergy production 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Biomass pretreatment for enhanced AD 12.2.1 Physical pretreatment 12.2.1.1 Mechanical pretreatment 12.2.1.2 Extrusion 12.2.1.3 Microwave pretreatment 12.2.1.4 Steam explosion 12.2.1.5 Liquid hot water pretreatment 12.2.2 Chemical pretreatment 12.2.2.1 Alkaline pretreatment 12.2.2.2 Acid pretreatment 12.2.2.3 Wet oxidation pretreatment 12.2.2.4 Organosolv pretreatment 12.2.2.5 Ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent pretreatment 12.2.3 Biological pretreatment 12.2.3.1 Microbial pretreatment 12.2.3.2 Fungal pretreatment 12.2.3.3 Enzymatic pretreatment 12.2.4 Combinational pretreatment 12.3 Opportunities for AD in a circular bioeconomy 12.4 Conclusions and perspectives References Chapter 13 - Application of enzymes in microbial fermentation of biomass wastes for biofuels and biochemicals production 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Biomass-degrading enzymes 13.2.1 Cellulases 13.2.2 Hemicellulases 13.2.3 Amylases 13.2.4 Laccases and peroxidases 13.3 Separated enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes 13.3.1 Pretreatments 13.3.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis 13.4 Simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes 13.4.1 Product inhibition 13.4.2 Strain thermotolerance in SSF processes 13.5 Commercial enzymes and enzymes’ costs 13.6 Advancements and innovation in biomass-degrading enzymes 13.7 Conclusions and perspectives References Chapter 14 - Hybrid technologies for enhanced microbial fermentation process for production of bioenergy and biochemicals 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Mechanisms in hybrid MEC-AD systems 14.2.1 Methanogenesis pathways 14.2.2 Microbial communities 14.2.3 Electrode materials 14.3 Performances of hybrid MEC-AD systems 14.3.1 Augmented feedstock decomposition and methane production 14.3.2 Biogas upgrade 14.3.3 Coproduction of hydrogen and methane 14.3.4 Low-temperature MEC-AD 14.3.5 Hydrogen sulfide removal 14.3.6 Phosphorus recovery 14.4 Conclusions and perspectives References Chapter 15 - Acidogenic fermentation of organic wastes for production of volatile fatty acids 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Substrates for volatile fatty acids production through acidogenic fermentation 15.3 Inocula for acidogenic fermentation 15.4 Bioreactors and operation modes for VFAs production via acidogenic fermentation 15.5 Enhancing strategies for elevated VFAs yield from acidogenic fermentation 15.5.1 Optimization of operating parameters 15.5.2 Pretreatment of biowastes 15.5.3 Additives 15.5.4 Bioaugmentation 15.5.5 Cofermentation 15.6 Separation/recovery of VFAs from fermentation broth 15.6.1 Membrane separation 15.6.2 Separation via ion exchange resins (adsorption) 15.6.3 Electrodialysis 15.7 Subsequent applications of VFAs 15.7.1 Microbial lipids for production of biodiesel 15.7.2 PHAs for production of bioplastics 15.8 Conclusions and perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter 16 - Functional microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermenters of organic wastes for production of volatile f ... 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Procedures for bacterial community analysis 16.3 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermenters 16.3.1 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermentation of food waste 16.3.2 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass waste 16.3.3 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermentation of sludge 16.3.4 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermentation of wastewater 16.3.5 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic fermentation of algal residues 16.3.6 Microbial characteristics in acidogenic cofermentation of mixed wastes 16.4 Conclusions and perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter 17 - Microbial fermentation for biodegradation and biotransformation of waste plastics into high value–added chem ... 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Classification of plastics 17.3 Biodepolymerization and biotransformation of hydrolyzed plastics 17.3.1 Polyethylene terephthalate 17.3.1.1 Structure and properties 17.3.1.2 Depolymerization of PET 17.3.1.3 Biotransformation of PET degradants Ethylene glycol Terephthalic acid 17.3.2 Polyurethane 17.3.2.1 Structure and properties 17.3.2.2 Depolymerization of PU 17.3.2.3 Biotransformation of PU degradants 2,4-toluenediamine 1,4-Butanediol Adipic acid 17.4 Biodepolymerization and biotransformation of nonhydrolyzed plastics 17.4.1 Polyethylene 17.4.2 Polystyrene 17.4.3 Polypropylene 17.4.4 Polyvinyl chloride 17.5 Conclusions and perspectives References Index Back cover