Murray & Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine

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Cleaned hardcover version with correct pagination and bookmarks. Murray & Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine......Page 2 Copyright page......Page 3 Dedication for Sixth Edition......Page 4 Contributors......Page 5 Preface to the Sixth Edition......Page 19 Preface to the First Edition......Page 20 Videos......Page 21 Gross and Subgross Organization......Page 26 Airways......Page 29 Pulmonary Circulation......Page 32 Terminal Respiratory Units......Page 35 Innervation......Page 39 The Pleural Space and Pleuras......Page 40 Comparison of the Lung of Mice and Humans......Page 42 Key Readings......Page 44 References......Page 45 Stages of Lung Development......Page 50 Tissue Interactions and Lung Development......Page 53 Retinoic Acid......Page 54 Wnts and β-Catenin......Page 55 NKX2-1......Page 56 Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation in Lung Development......Page 57 Key Readings......Page 59 References......Page 60 Introduction......Page 64 Genomic Maps......Page 65 Public Databases......Page 67 Association Studies......Page 68 Epigenetics......Page 69 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 72 Lung Cancer......Page 73 Fibrosing Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia......Page 74 Key Readings......Page 75 References......Page 76 Ventilation......Page 79 Functional Residual Capacity, Residual Volume, and Total Lung Capacity......Page 80 Alveolar Ventilation......Page 81 Physiologic Dead Space......Page 82 Nontopographic Inequality......Page 83 Pressure Inside Blood Vessels......Page 84 Pulmonary Vascular Resistance......Page 85 Pressure-Flow Relations......Page 86 Effect of Lung Volume......Page 87 Three-Zone Model for the Distribution of Blood Flow......Page 88 Other Factors Affecting the Distribution of Blood Flow......Page 89 Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction......Page 90 Nonrespiratory Functions of the Pulmonary Circulation......Page 92 Oxygen......Page 93 Carbon Dioxide......Page 94 Gas Exchange......Page 95 Hypoventilation......Page 96 Oxygen Uptake along the Pulmonary Capillary......Page 98 Diffusing Capacity......Page 99 Shunt......Page 101 Gas Exchange in a Single Lung Unit......Page 102 Pattern in the Normal Lung......Page 103 Traditional Assessment of Ventilation-Perfusion Inequality......Page 104 Distributions of Ventilation-Perfusion Ratios......Page 105 Multiple Inert Gas Elimination Technique.......Page 106 Distributions in Lung Disease.......Page 107 Ventilation-Perfusion Inequality and Carbon Dioxide Retention......Page 108 Oxygen Sensing......Page 109 Key Readings......Page 110 References......Page 111 Volume......Page 114 The Combined Gas Law......Page 115 Elastic Recoil of the Lungs......Page 116 Hysteresis and Stress Adaptation......Page 117 Respiratory Muscles see Chapter 97......Page 118 Fatigue of Respiratory Muscles......Page 119 Integration of Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics......Page 120 The Impact of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on Pleural Pressure......Page 121 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow......Page 122 Flow Limitation......Page 124 The Bernoulli Effect and Wave Speed Theory.......Page 125 Intrinsic PEEP during Positive-Pressure Ventilation of COPD......Page 126 Measurement of Static Compliance and Resistance during Mechanical Ventilation......Page 127 Measuring Work of Breathing in a Spontaneously Breathing Patient......Page 128 Key Readings......Page 129 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 130 References......Page 132 Pulmonary Vascular Pressures......Page 134 General Design......Page 135 Blood-Gas Interface......Page 136 Imaging the Pulmonary Circulation......Page 137 Pulmonary Vascular Resistance......Page 138 Lung Volume.......Page 139 Pulmonary Vascular Pressure-Volume Curve......Page 140 Mechanical Stress and the Lung Circulation......Page 141 Cyclic Stretch......Page 142 Response Elements......Page 143 Transcapillary Exchange and the Fluid Flux Equation......Page 145 Capillary Endothelium......Page 146 Alveolar Epithelium......Page 147 Interstitial Compliance......Page 148 Pulmonary Capillary Pressure and Plasma Osmotic Pressure in Edema Formation......Page 149 Regional Differences in Endothelial Permeability......Page 150 Cytoskeletal Alterations......Page 151 Endothelial Water Permeability and Albumin Transcytosis......Page 152 Strategies to Reverse Permeability and Restore Barrier Integrity......Page 153 Key Readings......Page 154 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 155 References......Page 158 Conjugate Acids and Bases......Page 166 Measurements......Page 167 Bicarbonate......Page 168 Base Excess......Page 169 Role of the Kidneys......Page 170 Nomenclature of Acid-Base Disorders......Page 171 Anion Gap Concept......Page 173 Lactic Acidosis......Page 175 Diabetic Ketoacidosis......Page 177 Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis.......Page 179 Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis.......Page 180 Urine Net Charge and Osmolar Gap......Page 181 Therapy......Page 182 Mechanical Ventilation......Page 183 Therapy......Page 184 Clinical Manifestations......Page 185 Causes......Page 186 Key Readings......Page 187 References......Page 189 Introduction......Page 191 Alveolar Type I Cells......Page 192 Alveolar Type II Cells......Page 195 Physiologic Functions of Pulmonary Surfactant......Page 197 Composition and Pool Sizes......Page 198 Surfactant Protein A......Page 199 Surfactant Protein B......Page 200 Surfactant Protein D......Page 201 Secretion and Extracellular Processing of Surfactant......Page 202 Primary Surfactant Deficiency of the Newborn......Page 203 Interstitial Lung Diseases......Page 204 Key Readings......Page 205 References......Page 207 Evidence for Active Fluid Transport in the Intact Lung......Page 212 Ion Transport in Alveolar and Distal Airway Epithelial Cells......Page 213 Regulation of Lung Epithelial Fluid Transport......Page 215 Mechanisms That Can Impair the Resolution of Alveolar Edema......Page 216 Alveolar Fluid Transport Under Pathologic Conditions......Page 217 Key Readings......Page 218 References......Page 219 Normal Airway Mucins......Page 221 Manifestations of Mucous Hypersecretion Depend on Airway Location......Page 222 Importance of Mucous Hypersecretion in Chronic Inflammatory Airway Diseases......Page 223 Cystic Fibrosis see Chapter 47......Page 224 Asthma see Chapters 41 and 42......Page 225 Chronic Bronchitis and COPD see Chapters 43 and 44......Page 226 Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Airway Epithelial Mucin Production......Page 227 Toll-like Receptors......Page 228 GPCR Can Exaggerate EGFR-Dependent Mucin Production......Page 229 Mucus Biology: Present Status and Future Opportunities......Page 230 Key Readings......Page 231 References......Page 232 Definition and Description of an Aerosol......Page 235 Evaluation of Aerosol Particle Size......Page 236 Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhalers......Page 237 The Inhaled Mass......Page 238 Deposition......Page 239 Control of Breathing Pattern and Aerosol Deposition......Page 240 Asthma......Page 241 Delivery of Inhaled Medications to Young Children......Page 243 Aerosol Delivery during Mechanical Ventilation......Page 245 Mucociliary Clearance and Disease......Page 246 Toxins......Page 247 Infectious Aerosols......Page 248 Key Readings......Page 250 References......Page 251 Overview of the Components of Lung Innate Immunity......Page 253 Pentraxins and Other Secreted Pattern Recognition Receptors......Page 256 C-Type Lectin Receptors.......Page 258 Summary......Page 260 Epithelium......Page 261 Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes......Page 262 Mononuclear Phagocytes......Page 264 Functions of Resident and Interstitial Alveolar Macrophages.......Page 266 Functions of Recruited Monocytes and Macrophages.......Page 267 Mouse and Human Lung Dendritic Cell Subsets.......Page 270 Functions of Lung Dendritic Cells.......Page 272 System Integration......Page 273 Key Readings......Page 274 References......Page 275 Components of the Immune System: Overview......Page 282 Structure of Immunoglobulin and the B-Cell Receptor for Antigen......Page 284 Formation of the B-Cell Receptor Repertoire......Page 285 Isotype Switching and Function of the Different Immunoglobulin Classes......Page 286 B-Cell Development......Page 287 T-Cell Receptor Structure and T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Formation......Page 288 Antigen-Presenting Cells and the Major Histocompatibility Complex......Page 289 Presentation and T-Cell Recognition of Antigens......Page 290 T-Cell Tolerance: Prevention of Self-Reactivity......Page 291 T-Cell Activation and Co-Stimulation......Page 292 Subsets of T Helper Cells......Page 293 CD4+ T-Cell?B-Cell Collaboration and Regulation of Antibody Production......Page 294 Lymphocyte Populations and Trafficking in the Lung......Page 295 Immune Response to Autoantigens......Page 297 Granulomatous Lung Disease......Page 298 Key Readings......Page 299 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 300 References......Page 304 Lung Cancer......Page 307 Invasive Adenocarcinoma.......Page 309 Adenocarcinoma Variants.......Page 310 TNM Staging: Potential Changes According to New Classification......Page 311 EGFR Mutation Testing......Page 313 Use of Minimal Stains to Maximize Tissue for Molecular Testing......Page 314 Small Cell Carcinoma......Page 315 Combined SCLC.......Page 316 Typical and Atypical Carcinoid......Page 317 Large Cell Carcinoma......Page 318 Solitary Fibrous Tumor......Page 319 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias......Page 320 Usual Interstitial Pneumonia/Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.......Page 321 Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia.......Page 323 Organizing Pneumonia/Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia.......Page 324 Diffuse Alveolar Damage/Acute Interstitial Pneumonia.......Page 325 Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia.......Page 326 Rare Histologic Patterns.......Page 327 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis......Page 328 Sarcoidosis......Page 329 Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis......Page 330 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis......Page 331 Eosinophilic Pneumonia......Page 332 Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 333 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 336 Key Readings......Page 335 References......Page 338 Lung Injury......Page 343 Epithelial Repair......Page 346 Cell Spreading and Migration......Page 347 Resolution of Inflammation......Page 348 Tissue-Specific Stem Cells......Page 349 Loss of Regenerative Potential: Depletion of the Facultative Progenitor Cell Pool......Page 350 Does Lung Repair Recapitulate Lung Development?......Page 351 Key Readings......Page 352 References......Page 353 Introduction......Page 362 Communication Skills......Page 363 Dyspnea......Page 364 Clinical Features.......Page 365 Clinical Features.......Page 366 Occupational History......Page 367 Inspection......Page 368 Palpation......Page 369 Auscultation......Page 370 Continuous Sounds Wheezes......Page 371 Interpretation......Page 372 Clubbing......Page 373 Other Extrapulmonary Associations......Page 374 Key Readings......Page 381 References......Page 382 Infection Prevention......Page 384 Specimen Selection, Collection, and Transport......Page 385 Specimen Adequacy......Page 389 Microbiologic Assays......Page 390 Microscopy......Page 392 Culture......Page 395 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing......Page 398 Nucleic Acid Tests......Page 399 Antigen Testing......Page 401 Serologic Testing and Interferon-γ Release Assays......Page 402 Key Readings......Page 404 References......Page 405 Introduction......Page 412 Expiratory Views......Page 414 Noise......Page 415 Storage Phosphor Systems......Page 416 Clinical Efficacy......Page 417 Decubitus Views......Page 419 Lordotic Views......Page 420 Spiral and Multislice Computed Tomography......Page 421 Aortography and Bronchial Angiography......Page 422 Ultrasonography......Page 423 Computed Tomography Scan Protocols......Page 424 Contrast Enhancement......Page 426 Medical Imaging and Radiation......Page 427 Low-Level Radiation-Induced Malignancy: Evidence for and Against......Page 430 Techniques......Page 429 Evaluation of Intensive Care Unit Patients......Page 432 Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease......Page 433 Solitary Pulmonary Nodules......Page 434 Multiple Pulmonary Nodules......Page 435 Computed Tomography......Page 436 Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 437 Lung Cancer Screening......Page 438 Hilar and Mediastinal Masses......Page 440 Diffuse Lung Disease......Page 441 Nodules.......Page 442 Consolidation and Ground-Glass Opacity.......Page 443 Emphysema.......Page 444 Sensitivity and Specificity.......Page 445 Guiding Lung Biopsy.......Page 446 Bronchiectasis......Page 447 Pulmonary Thromboembolism......Page 448 Congenital Anomalies of the Thoracic Great Vessels......Page 452 Pleural versus Parenchymal Disease......Page 451 Early Detection......Page 454 efigure Image Gallery......Page 456 Key Readings......Page 455 References......Page 477 Indications and Contraindications......Page 484 Patient-Lesion Selection and Preprocedure Clinical and Imaging Evaluation......Page 485 Procedure......Page 486 Postprocedure Patient Management......Page 488 Results......Page 489 Parapneumonic Effusions?Empyema......Page 490 Malignant Pleural Effusions......Page 492 Lung Abscess......Page 493 Indications and Contraindications......Page 494 Indications and Contraindications......Page 495 Indications and Contraindications......Page 496 Indications and Contraindications......Page 498 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 500 Key Readings......Page 499 References......Page 504 Ultrasonographic Modes......Page 506 Doppler Ultrasonography......Page 507 Image Acquisition......Page 508 Normal Lungs......Page 509 Alveolar Interstitial Pattern......Page 511 Other Diagnoses......Page 512 Algorithmic Evaluation of Acute Dyspnea......Page 513 Pleural Effusions......Page 514 Thoracic Procedure Guidance......Page 515 Training......Page 516 Key Readings......Page 517 References......Page 518 Interpretation of PET Images......Page 520 TNM Staging......Page 521 The M Factor......Page 522 Influence on Treatment Choices and Planning with Curative Intent......Page 523 Mesothelioma......Page 526 Neuroendocrine Tumors......Page 527 Response to Therapy......Page 528 New Tracers......Page 531 Key Readings......Page 532 References......Page 533 Sedation and Anesthesia......Page 537 Local Anesthesia......Page 538 Bronchoalveolar Lavage......Page 539 Transbronchial Biopsy......Page 541 Transbronchial Needle Aspiration......Page 542 Endobronchial Ultrasonography......Page 543 Advanced Diagnostic Bronchoscopy......Page 544 Autofluorescence Bronchoscopy......Page 545 Narrow-Band Imaging......Page 546 Key Readings......Page 547 References......Page 548 Therapeutic Bronchoscopy......Page 553 Contraindications, Procedure, Results, and Complications......Page 554 Results and Complications......Page 555 Indications......Page 556 Stent Placement......Page 557 Microdébrider......Page 558 Brachytherapy......Page 559 Endobronchial Valves......Page 560 Results and Complications......Page 561 Key Readings......Page 562 References......Page 563 Historical Development......Page 565 Equipment......Page 566 Indications......Page 567 Complications......Page 568 Anesthesia......Page 569 Thoracoscopic Technique......Page 570 Pleural Effusions......Page 571 Diagnosis.......Page 572 Therapy.......Page 573 Tuberculous Pleural Effusions Video 24-8.......Page 574 Spontaneous Pneumothorax......Page 575 Diffuse Pulmonary Diseases......Page 576 Differences between Thoracoscopy and Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery......Page 577 Key Readings......Page 578 References......Page 579 Forced Spirometry......Page 582 indications.......Page 583 forced expiratory volume over time as a percentage of forced vital capacity.......Page 585 general principles.......Page 586 Maximal Voluntary Ventilation.......Page 587 obstructive ventilatory defects.......Page 588 Gas Dilution Methods.......Page 589 gas density.......Page 590 Radiographic Methods.......Page 592 pressure closed-type plethysmograph.......Page 591 pressure-volume plethysmograph.......Page 594 thoracic gas volume.......Page 593 general principles.......Page 595 General Principles.......Page 597 Impulse Oscillometry and Forced Oscillation Methods to Measure Respiratory Resistance Rather Than Airway Resistance.......Page 598 emphysema.......Page 600 Changes in Function over Time.......Page 599 Statistical Considerations.......Page 601 Obstructive Ventilatory Defect.......Page 602 Normal Values.......Page 604 Clinical Applications......Page 603 Other Tests......Page 605 Carbon Monoxide Methods for Clinical Measurement of Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity.......Page 606 Indications......Page 607 protocol.......Page 608 Pulmonary Vascular Obstruction......Page 610 body position.......Page 611 alveolar oxygen pressure.......Page 612 Restrictive Ventilatory Defects......Page 613 Hypoxic Responses......Page 614 Inspiratory Occlusion Pressure......Page 615 Screening Studies......Page 617 “Physiologic? Dead Space also called Wasted Ventilation......Page 619 Calculation of Quantity of Venous-to-Arterial Shunt......Page 620 Distribution of Ventilation-Perfusion Ratios......Page 621 Carbon Dioxide.......Page 622 oxygen content.......Page 623 oximetry.......Page 625 transcutaneous carbon dioxide electrode.......Page 626 New Technologies......Page 627 Reversibility.......Page 628 Reversibility.......Page 630 Tests of Nonspecific Airway Responsiveness.......Page 629 Bullous Lung Disease.......Page 631 Emphysema: Lung Volume Reduction Surgery......Page 633 Pulmonary Vascular Obstruction......Page 634 “Poor Cooperation? Pattern......Page 635 Aging Lung......Page 637 decreased muscular efficiency.......Page 639 fluoroscopy.......Page 640 Airline Travel......Page 641 Key Readings......Page 643 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 645 References......Page 655 Oxygen Consumption.......Page 662 Ventilatory Thresholds.......Page 663 Arterial and End-Tidal Partial Pressures of Carbon Dioxide.......Page 664 Individuals with Underlying Cardiopulmonary Disease......Page 665 Heart Failure......Page 666 Pulmonary Vascular Disease for discussion of clinical aspects of pulmonary vascular disease, see Chapter 58......Page 667 Interstitial Lung Diseases for discussion of clinical aspects of interstitial lung diseases, see Chapters 63?66......Page 669 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease for clinical discussion, see Chapters 43 and 44......Page 670 Evaluating Dyspnea.......Page 671 Evaluating Combined Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Disorders.......Page 673 Risk Assessment for Extrathoracic Surgery.......Page 674 Heart Failure.......Page 675 Exercise Prescriptions for Cardiac and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs for discussion of clinical aspects of rehabilitation, see Chapter 105......Page 676 Cycle Ergometer versus Treadmill.......Page 677 Identifying the Ventilatory Threshold......Page 678 Identifying the Primary System Limiting Exercise: Algorithmic versus Pattern Recognition Approaches......Page 680 Exercise Treadmill Testing......Page 682 Key Readings......Page 683 References......Page 684 Mortality and Morbidity in Thoracic Surgery: Can We Identify Patients at the Highest Risk for Adverse Outcomes?......Page 690 Assessment of Cardiac Risk in Patients with Lung Disease......Page 691 Indications for Coronary Revascularization......Page 692 Atrial Fibrillation Prophylaxis......Page 693 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease......Page 694 Guidelines for Lung Resection......Page 695 Recent Guidelines for Preoperative Testing in Lung Cancer Patients......Page 696 Pain Management......Page 698 Key Readings......Page 700 References......Page 701 Definitions......Page 704 Clinical Approach to Impairment Evaluations......Page 706 History......Page 707 American Thoracic Society Guidelines for Evaluation of Impairment or Disability......Page 708 Asthma for details concerning diagnosis and management of asthma, see Chapter 42......Page 709 Lung Cancer for discussion of clinical aspects of lung cancer, see Chapter 53......Page 710 Pulmonary Function Testing for further discussion, see Chapter 25......Page 711 Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing see Chapter 26 for details......Page 712 Addressing Discrepancies between Objective and Subjective Data......Page 713 Federal Black Lung Program......Page 715 Work Restrictions......Page 714 Social Security Disability......Page 716 Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program......Page 717 International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health......Page 720 Disease-Specific Impairment......Page 721 Key Readings......Page 722 References......Page 723 Introduction......Page 725 Emotional Phrases?the Affective Dimension of Dyspnea......Page 726 Mechanisms of Dyspnea......Page 727 Assessment of Dyspnea......Page 728 Psychometric Measurement of Dyspnea......Page 729 Overview: Physiologic Categories of Dyspnea......Page 730 History......Page 731 Special Studies Including Pulmonary Function Tests......Page 732 Reducing Respiratory Effort and Improving Respiratory Muscle Function......Page 733 Decreasing Respiratory Drive......Page 734 Role of Exercise Training in Relieving Dyspnea see Chapter 105......Page 735 Key Readings......Page 736 References......Page 737 Definition of Cough......Page 741 Physiology......Page 742 Larynx and Pharynx......Page 743 Tracheobronchial Tree......Page 744 Central Nervous System Control......Page 745 Mechanics of Coughing......Page 746 Approach to the Patient with Cough......Page 747 Measurement of Cough Frequency and Intensity......Page 749 Acute Cough......Page 750 Asthma and Associated Eosinophilic Conditions......Page 751 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease......Page 752 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Cough......Page 753 Cough Hypersensitivity Syndrome......Page 754 Narcotic and Non-Narcotic Antitussives......Page 755 Potential New Antitussives......Page 757 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 759 Key Readings......Page 758 References......Page 760 Somatic Pain......Page 764 Hyperalgesia......Page 765 Pleuropulmonary Disorders......Page 766 Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 767 Inflammation or Trauma of the Chest Wall see Chapter 98......Page 768 Pericarditis......Page 769 Gastrointestinal Disorders......Page 770 Cardiac Ischemia......Page 771 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension see Chapter 58......Page 773 Pancreatitis......Page 774 Key Readings......Page 775 References......Page 776 Transmission......Page 779 Common Cold......Page 780 Pharyngitis......Page 781 Croup......Page 782 Bronchiolitis......Page 783 Immunocompromised Host......Page 784 Adenovirus Respiratory Disease.......Page 785 Diagnosis......Page 786 Pathogenesis......Page 788 Epidemiology and Transmission......Page 789 Clinical Illness......Page 790 Epidemiology and Transmission......Page 791 Treatment and Prevention......Page 792 Pneumonia.......Page 793 Influenza Virus......Page 794 Clinical Illness......Page 795 Diagnosis......Page 797 Antivirals.......Page 798 Measles Virus......Page 799 Typical Measles.......Page 800 Clinical Features......Page 801 Pathogenesis......Page 802 Epidemiology and Transmission......Page 803 Clinical Illness......Page 804 Rhinovirus......Page 805 Clinical Illness......Page 806 Varicella.......Page 807 Treatment and Prevention......Page 808 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 810 Key Readings......Page 809 References......Page 818 Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis......Page 825 Age-Related Factors......Page 827 Health Care?Associated Pneumonia......Page 828 Clinical Evaluation......Page 829 Sputum Examination......Page 830 Blood and Pleural Fluid Cultures......Page 831 Bronchoscopic Samples......Page 832 Selection of Antimicrobial Agents......Page 833 Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia......Page 835 Other Pneumonia Syndromes......Page 838 Clinical Course......Page 839 Treatment......Page 840 Microbiologic Diagnosis......Page 841 Treatment......Page 842 Microbiologic Diagnosis......Page 843 Microbiologic Diagnosis......Page 844 Microbiologic Diagnosis.......Page 845 Microbiologic Diagnosis.......Page 846 Clinical Manifestations......Page 847 Clinical Course......Page 848 Clinical Manifestations......Page 849 Nonresponding Pneumonia/Treatment Failure......Page 850 Chlamydophila psittaci Formerly Chlamydia psittaci?Psittacosis......Page 851 Melioidosis Burkholderia pseudomallei......Page 852 Tularemia Francisella tularensis see Chapter 40......Page 853 Pasteurella multocida......Page 854 Imaging Studies......Page 856 Lung Abscess......Page 858 Smoking Cessation......Page 859 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 862 Key Readings......Page 861 References......Page 878 Pathogenesis......Page 884 Etiologic Agents......Page 885 The Clinical Diagnostic Strategy......Page 886 The Invasive Diagnostic Strategy......Page 887 Summary of the Evidence......Page 888 Initial Treatment......Page 889 Avoiding the Overuse of Antibiotics......Page 890 Specific Prophylaxis Against Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia......Page 891 Implementing a Structured Prevention Policy......Page 892 Key Readings......Page 893 References......Page 894 Characteristics of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Organisms......Page 899 Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis......Page 902 Source Case......Page 903 Circumstances of Exposure......Page 904 Pathogenesis......Page 905 Induction of Type I Interferons......Page 906 Latency/Dormancy and Reactivation......Page 907 Innate Immune Cells in Tuberculosis......Page 908 CD8+ T Cells......Page 909 Exogenous Versus Endogenous Infection......Page 910 Risk Factors for Disease......Page 911 Tuberculin Skin Test......Page 912 Interferon-γ Release Assays......Page 913 Patient History......Page 914 Physical Examination......Page 915 Radiographic Features......Page 916 Bacteriologic Evaluation......Page 917 Acid-Fast Staining......Page 918 molecular-based identification methods.......Page 919 Drug Susceptibility Testing......Page 920 Pleural Tuberculosis see Chapter 80......Page 921 Disseminated Tuberculosis......Page 922 Current Standard Regimens......Page 923 HIV Infection......Page 925 Drug Resistance......Page 927 Associated Conditions.......Page 930 Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis......Page 931 Treatment of Latent Tuberculous Infection......Page 932 Bone and Joint Tuberculosis......Page 934 Central Nervous System Tuberculosis......Page 935 Pericardial Tuberculosis......Page 936 Persons with Stable Radiographic Findings Consistent with Previous Tuberculosis......Page 933 Immunization with Bacille Calmette-Guérin......Page 938 Tackling Current Problems......Page 939 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 941 Key Readings......Page 940 References......Page 942 Beginnings......Page 952 First-Line Drugs......Page 953 Second-Line Drugs......Page 957 Programmatic Considerations......Page 958 References for Appendix......Page 959 Microbiology and Taxonomy......Page 961 Incidence and Prevalence......Page 962 Geographic Distribution and Variation......Page 963 Factors Associated with Infection......Page 964 Factors Associated with Disease......Page 965 Diagnosis and Management of Specific Pathogens......Page 966 Mycobacterium avium Complex......Page 968 Therapy of MAC Lung Disease.......Page 969 Therapy of Mycobacterium kansasii Pulmonary Disease.......Page 971 Mycobacterium malmoense......Page 972 Therapy of Mycobacterium abscessus Pulmonary Disease.......Page 973 Mycobacterium chelonae......Page 974 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis-Like Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Pulmonary Disease......Page 975 Health Care?Associated Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Disease and Prevention of NTM Infections......Page 976 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 978 Key Readings......Page 977 References......Page 979 History and Epidemiology......Page 984 Pathogenesis......Page 985 Disseminated Histoplasmosis......Page 986 Transmissibility......Page 987 Diagnosis......Page 988 Management of Complications......Page 989 Pathogenesis......Page 990 Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis Valley Fever or Primary Coccidioidal Infection......Page 991 Diagnosis......Page 992 History and Epidemiology......Page 993 Acute Pulmonary Blastomycosis......Page 994 Treatment......Page 995 Pathogenesis......Page 996 Sporotrichosis......Page 997 Key Readings......Page 998 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 999 References......Page 1007 Polyenes......Page 1010 Pathogenesis......Page 1016 Diagnosis......Page 1017 Candidiasis......Page 1018 Pathogenesis......Page 1019 Epidemiology and Definitions.......Page 1020 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis.......Page 1021 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis.......Page 1022 Treatment.......Page 1023 Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Treatment.......Page 1024 Epidemiology......Page 1025 Diagnosis......Page 1026 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis......Page 1027 Treatment......Page 1028 Dematiaceous Melanized Fungi......Page 1029 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1031 Key References......Page 1030 References......Page 1040 Evaluation of a Patient with Possible Parasitic Infection of the Lung......Page 1047 Ascariasis......Page 1049 Strongyloidiasis......Page 1050 Diagnosis.......Page 1051 Diagnosis.......Page 1052 Dirofilariasis......Page 1053 Diagnosis.......Page 1054 Clinical Features.......Page 1055 Clinical Features.......Page 1056 Treatment.......Page 1057 Treatment.......Page 1058 Clinical Features.......Page 1059 Diagnosis.......Page 1060 Free-Living Ameba......Page 1061 Trypanosomiasis......Page 1062 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1064 Key Readings......Page 1063 References......Page 1068 Basics of Bioterrorism......Page 1072 General......Page 1074 Treatment, Prophylaxis, and Prognosis......Page 1075 Clinical Presentation......Page 1076 Clinical Presentation......Page 1077 Clinical Presentation......Page 1078 Diagnosis......Page 1079 Diagnosis......Page 1080 Psittacosis Chlamydophila psittaci......Page 1081 Food Safety Threats e.g., Salmonella Species, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella......Page 1082 Recognition and Response to a Bioterrorism Event......Page 1083 Public Health and Critical Care Response......Page 1084 Key Readings......Page 1085 References......Page 1086 Epidemiology......Page 1088 Prevalence......Page 1089 Mortality......Page 1090 Respiratory Viral Infections......Page 1091 Childhood......Page 1092 Asthma in the Elderly......Page 1093 Initiation of Allergic Lower Airway Responses and Asthma......Page 1094 IL-33/ST2 Axis in Asthma......Page 1095 IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity......Page 1096 Activation of Airway Epithelial Cells......Page 1097 Products of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism?Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins, and Lipoxins......Page 1098 IL-17 in Asthma......Page 1099 Pathologic Changes in Airway Mucus in Asthma......Page 1100 Airway Pathology in Fatal Cases of Asthma......Page 1101 Clinical Phenotypes......Page 1102 Cellular Biomarkers......Page 1103 Non-Th2 Asthma Phenotypes......Page 1104 Key Readings......Page 1105 References......Page 1106 Definition......Page 1113 Work History......Page 1114 Spirometry......Page 1115 Lung Volumes and Diffusing Capacity......Page 1116 Imaging......Page 1117 Lung Function......Page 1118 Biomarkers......Page 1121 Overview......Page 1122 β2-agonists.......Page 1123 Inhaled Corticosteroids.......Page 1124 Targeted Biologic Agents.......Page 1126 Nonpharmacologic Treatment......Page 1127 Medication Adjustment Based on Asthma Control......Page 1128 Vocal Cord Dysfunction.......Page 1129 Management of Acute Asthma......Page 1130 Clinician-Patient Partnership......Page 1131 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1133 Key Readings......Page 1132 References......Page 1134 Chronic Bronchitis......Page 1140 Small-Airway Disease......Page 1141 Inflammation in the Lungs of Smokers Without COPD......Page 1142 Cellular Inflammatory Responses......Page 1143 Inflammation, Airway Remodeling, and Airflow Limitation......Page 1146 Proteases/Antiproteases......Page 1148 Oxidants/Antioxidants in COPD......Page 1149 Role of Aging in the Pathogenesis of Emphysema......Page 1151 Natural History......Page 1152 Other Environmental Factors......Page 1153 Severity, Activity, and Impact of COPD......Page 1154 COPD Phenotypes......Page 1155 GOLD Combined Assessment Proposal......Page 1156 Key Readings......Page 1157 References......Page 1158 Symptoms......Page 1165 Physical Examination......Page 1166 Lung Volumes......Page 1168 Arterial Blood Gases......Page 1169 Pneumothorax......Page 1170 Cor Pulmonale......Page 1171 Depression and Anxiety......Page 1172 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis......Page 1173 Treatment......Page 1174 Prevention of Respiratory Infections.......Page 1175 Bronchodilators......Page 1176 β-Adrenergic Agonists......Page 1177 Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors......Page 1178 Stepwise Pharmacologic Management......Page 1179 Oxygen During Exercise.......Page 1180 Surgical Treatment of Emphysema......Page 1181 Development of New Treatments......Page 1182 Key Readings......Page 1183 References......Page 1184 Introduction......Page 1191 Evidence That Asthma Is Heritable......Page 1192 The First Genome-Wide Screens for Susceptibility Loci: Family-Based Studies......Page 1193 Candidate Gene Association Studies in Asthma......Page 1195 GWAS Identifies ORMDL3 as a Susceptibility Locus......Page 1196 Admixture Mapping as an Alternative Approach in Admixed Populations......Page 1198 GWAS and Association Studies of Severe Asthma......Page 1200 Rationale for Pharmacogenetic Research in Asthma......Page 1201 Cysteinyl Leukotriene Pharmacogenetics......Page 1202 β2-Adrenergic Receptor Pharmacogenetics......Page 1204 Limitation of Current Pharmacogenetic Associations and Future Directions......Page 1205 Family-Based Linkage Studies for Lung Function Impairment and COPD......Page 1206 Genome-Wide Association Studies of Lung Function in the General Population......Page 1207 Two Large General Population Consortia Identify Seven Loci for Lung Function......Page 1210 GWAS for Emphysema, a COPD-Related Phenotype......Page 1211 β2-Adrenergic Receptor Pharmacogenetics......Page 1212 Rare Variants in Asthma and COPD......Page 1213 Genetics of Asthma and Copd: Lessons Learned after 20 Years of Experience......Page 1214 Key Readings......Page 1215 References......Page 1217 Smoking-Related Diseases......Page 1225 Chronic Pulmonary Disease......Page 1226 Infection......Page 1227 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 1228 Other Complications of Cigarette Smoking......Page 1229 Health Hazards of Secondhand Smoke......Page 1230 Neurobiologic Mechanisms of Addiction......Page 1231 Guidelines......Page 1232 Smoking Cessation Counseling......Page 1233 Nicotine Replacement Therapy......Page 1234 Bupropion......Page 1235 Motivating Smokers to Quit......Page 1236 Electronic Cigarettes......Page 1237 Key Readings......Page 1239 References......Page 1240 Historical Perspective......Page 1243 Genetic Basis......Page 1244 Structure/Activity and CFTR Gating Mechanism......Page 1245 Cellular Defects Attributable to F508del CFTR......Page 1246 Regulation of Airway Surface Liquid Homeostasis......Page 1248 Cystic Fibrosis Exocrine Glandular Epithelium......Page 1249 Mucus Biogenesis, Adhesion, and Transport......Page 1250 Host Defense and Infection......Page 1251 Diagnostic Algorithms......Page 1252 Lower Respiratory Tract Disease......Page 1254 Microbiology......Page 1256 Imaging......Page 1257 Lung Function......Page 1258 Complications of Respiratory Tract Disease......Page 1259 Pancreatic Disease......Page 1260 Overview......Page 1261 Monitoring and Aggressive Approach......Page 1262 CFTR Potentiators.......Page 1263 CFTR Correctors.......Page 1265 Translational Readthrough.......Page 1266 Insights on Disease Mechanism Revealed by CFTR Modulators......Page 1267 Inhaled Antibiotics......Page 1268 Anti-inflammatory Therapy......Page 1269 Treatment of Lung Complications......Page 1270 Surgical Therapy......Page 1271 Lung Transplantation......Page 1272 eFigure Image Galley......Page 1274 Key Readings......Page 1273 References......Page 1281 Classification......Page 1291 Epidemiology......Page 1292 “Vicious Circle? and Microbiology......Page 1293 Cystic Fibrosis......Page 1296 Disorders of Immunity......Page 1297 Ciliated Epithelium Abnormalities......Page 1298 Bronchial Cartilage or Elastic Fiber Defects......Page 1301 Connective Tissue Abnormalities......Page 1302 Congenital and Developmental Anomalies......Page 1303 Aspiration/Inhalation Accidents......Page 1304 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis......Page 1305 Idiopathic Bronchiectasis......Page 1306 Diagnosis......Page 1307 NSAIDs......Page 1309 Inhaled Corticosteroids......Page 1312 Miscellaneous......Page 1313 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1315 Key Readings......Page 1314 References......Page 1319 Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology......Page 1324 Diagnosis.......Page 1326 Immunotherapy.......Page 1327 Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology......Page 1328 Paranasal Sinus Disease......Page 1329 Epidemiology......Page 1330 Association with Allergy and Asthma......Page 1331 Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis......Page 1332 Oropharynx......Page 1333 Bone and Cartilage.......Page 1334 Mucosal and Fibromuscular Structures.......Page 1335 Symptoms of Disorders of Swallowing......Page 1336 Evaluation of GERD and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease......Page 1337 Etiology......Page 1338 Unilateral......Page 1339 Glottic Stenosis......Page 1340 Pathophysiology......Page 1341 Treatment......Page 1342 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1344 Key Readings......Page 1343 References......Page 1345 Anatomic and Physiologic Features......Page 1349 Infectious Bronchiolitis......Page 1350 Bronchiolitis From Inhaled or Ingested Toxins......Page 1351 Respiratory Bronchiolitis......Page 1352 Defining Bronchiolitis Obliterans......Page 1353 Bronchiolitis Obliterans after Lung Transplantation......Page 1355 Bronchiolitis Obliterans after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation......Page 1357 Treatment of Bronchiolitis Obliterans......Page 1358 Mediastinal Fibrosis see Chapter 54 and 84......Page 1360 Tracheomalacia and Bronchomalacia......Page 1361 Diagnosis of Localized Disorders......Page 1362 Key Readings......Page 1363 References......Page 1364 Introduction......Page 1369 Genetic Susceptibility and Familial Predisposition......Page 1370 Genomic Instability......Page 1371 Mucosal Response to Injury, the Emergence of Critical Mutations......Page 1372 Role of Viruses in Lung Tumorigenesis......Page 1374 Chromosomal Changes......Page 1375 DNA Adducts......Page 1376 Proteomic Alterations......Page 1377 Molecular Networks?System Biology......Page 1379 Personalized Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics......Page 1380 Mechanisms of Resistance......Page 1382 Key Readings......Page 1383 References......Page 1384 Race and Ethnicity......Page 1390 Geographic Patterns......Page 1391 LUNG Cancer by Histologic Type......Page 1392 Overview......Page 1394 The Changing Cigarette and Expanding Marketplace......Page 1395 Diet......Page 1396 Radiation......Page 1397 Indoor Air Pollution......Page 1398 Research Findings on the Genetic Basis of LUNG Cancer Chapter 51......Page 1399 Presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus......Page 1400 Gender......Page 1401 Key Readings......Page 1402 References......Page 1403 Screening for Lung Cancer......Page 1408 Lung Cancer Staging......Page 1410 Chest Computed Tomography......Page 1412 Positron Emission Tomography......Page 1413 Search for Metastatic Disease......Page 1414 Invasive Diagnostic and Staging Techniques......Page 1415 Navigational Bronchoscopy......Page 1416 Endobronchial Ultrasound......Page 1417 Mediastinoscopy......Page 1418 Prognostic Factors for Lung Cancer......Page 1419 Stage I......Page 1420 Stage II......Page 1421 Stage IIIA......Page 1422 Targeted Therapy......Page 1423 Small Cell Lung Cancer......Page 1424 Superior Sulcus Tumors and Pancoast Syndrome......Page 1425 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome......Page 1426 Musculoskeletal Effects......Page 1427 Hypercalcemia......Page 1428 Ectopic Corticotropin Syndrome......Page 1430 Neurologic Effects......Page 1431 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1433 Key Readings......Page 1432 References......Page 1448 Characterization of Rare Lung Tumors......Page 1455 Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma......Page 1456 Other Lymphomas and Lymphoproliferative Diseases......Page 1458 Carcinoid Tumors......Page 1459 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma......Page 1460 Sarcomatoid Carcinomas Other Than Pneumoblastoma......Page 1461 Vascular Sarcomas......Page 1462 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor......Page 1464 Other Pseudotumors......Page 1466 Respiratory Tract Papillomatosis......Page 1467 Amyloidosis......Page 1468 General Issues......Page 1469 Key Readings......Page 1470 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1471 References......Page 1496 Clinical History......Page 1500 Mechanism of Metastasis to the Lung......Page 1501 Differential Diagnosis......Page 1502 Pathology......Page 1503 Options for Obtaining a Tissue Diagnosis......Page 1504 Palliative Care......Page 1505 Surgical Resection of Metastases......Page 1506 Vascular Embolic Metastasis......Page 1508 Key Readings......Page 1509 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1510 References......Page 1513 Solitary Papillomas......Page 1515 Adenomas......Page 1516 Micronodular Pneumocyte Hyperplasia......Page 1518 Sclerosing Hemangioma......Page 1519 Hamartoma and Related Lesions......Page 1520 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor......Page 1521 Solitary Fibrous Tumor......Page 1522 Meningothelial-Like Nodules and Intrapulmonary Meningioma......Page 1523 Key Readings......Page 1524 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1525 References......Page 1534 Introduction......Page 1538 Pathogenesis and Risk Factors......Page 1540 Natural History: Deep Venous Thrombosis......Page 1541 Natural History: Pulmonary Embolism......Page 1542 Clinical Presentation......Page 1543 Contrast Venography......Page 1544 Duplex Ultrasonography......Page 1545 Clinical Prediction Rules......Page 1546 Standard Laboratory Evaluation......Page 1547 Ventilation-Perfusion Scanning......Page 1548 Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography......Page 1549 Lower Extremity Venous Evaluation......Page 1551 Clinical Prediction Rules......Page 1552 Low-Dose Unfractionated Heparin......Page 1554 Direct Inhibitors of Factor Xa and of Thrombin......Page 1555 Unfractionated Heparin and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin......Page 1556 Direct Inhibitors of Factor Xa and of Thrombin......Page 1557 Stratification According to the Risk of Massive Pulmonary Embolism......Page 1558 Pulmonary Embolectomy......Page 1559 Postembolic Prophylaxis......Page 1560 Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 1561 Diagnosis......Page 1562 Treatment......Page 1564 Fat Embolism......Page 1568 Other Emboli......Page 1569 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1570 Key Readings......Page 1567 References......Page 1579 Pathology......Page 1589 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Other Conditions......Page 1591 Diagnosis......Page 1594 Echocardiogram......Page 1596 Treatment and Prognosis......Page 1597 Warfarin.......Page 1598 Calcium Channel Antagonists......Page 1599 Subcutaneous and Intravenous Treprostinil Sodium Remodulin.......Page 1600 Prostacyclin Dosing......Page 1601 Inhaled Iloprost Ventavis and Treprostinil Tyvaso.......Page 1602 Endothelin-1 Antagonist Therapy......Page 1603 Combination Therapy......Page 1604 Survival......Page 1605 Key Readings......Page 1606 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1607 References......Page 1611 Prevalence......Page 1615 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease......Page 1616 Pathologic Changes and Pathogenesis......Page 1618 Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling......Page 1619 Neurohormones......Page 1620 Right Ventricle......Page 1621 Symptoms and Signs......Page 1623 Chest Radiography......Page 1624 Echocardiography......Page 1625 Right Heart Catheterization......Page 1626 Lifestyle Modifications......Page 1627 Anticoagulation......Page 1628 Treatment of Decompensated RV Failure......Page 1629 Prostacyclin and Its Analogues.......Page 1630 Riociguat.......Page 1631 Key Readings......Page 1632 References......Page 1633 Classification......Page 1638 Normal Vascular Anatomy and Histology......Page 1639 Pathogenesis and Etiology......Page 1640 Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage see Chapter 67......Page 1641 Mononeuritis Multiplex......Page 1642 Other Laboratory Studies......Page 1643 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis......Page 1644 Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis see Chapter 68......Page 1646 General Principles......Page 1647 Active Generalized Disease......Page 1649 Maintenance......Page 1650 Monitoring for Complications......Page 1651 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1653 References......Page 1658 Key Readings......Page 1652 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia......Page 1662 Clinical Features and Diagnosis.......Page 1663 Anatomic Basis......Page 1664 Exercise.......Page 1665 Strokes and Cerebral Abscess......Page 1666 Imaging......Page 1667 Contrast Echocardiography.......Page 1668 Physiologic Outcome.......Page 1669 Surgery.......Page 1671 Anatomy......Page 1672 Managements of Hemoptysis......Page 1673 Clinical Features......Page 1674 Infection......Page 1675 Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 1676 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1678 Key Readings......Page 1677 References......Page 1687 Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Edema......Page 1692 Increased Pressure Edema......Page 1693 Pathophysiology......Page 1694 Increased Microvascular Hydrostatic Pressure.......Page 1695 Decreased Perimicrovascular Hydrostatic Pressure.......Page 1696 Increased Permeability Edema......Page 1697 Pathophysiology......Page 1698 Mechanisms......Page 1699 Definitions......Page 1700 Symptoms and Signs......Page 1701 Chest Radiographs......Page 1702 Measurement of Lung Water and Barrier Function......Page 1703 Increased Pressure Edema......Page 1704 Decreasing Venous Return......Page 1705 Vasodilators.......Page 1706 General Principles......Page 1707 Lung-Protective Ventilator Strategies......Page 1708 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents.......Page 1709 Resolution of Pulmonary Edema......Page 1710 Increased Permeability Edema......Page 1711 Overview......Page 1712 Key Readings......Page 1713 References......Page 1714 Introduction......Page 1719 Clinical and Histologic Classification of Interstitial Lung Disease......Page 1720 Occupational and Environmental History......Page 1721 Chest Radiography......Page 1722 Interstitial Pattern.......Page 1723 Linear or Reticular.......Page 1724 Computed Tomography......Page 1725 Ventilatory Function......Page 1727 Flow Resistance......Page 1728 Exercise......Page 1729 Bronchoalveolar Lavage......Page 1730 Surgical Lung Biopsy......Page 1731 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis......Page 1732 Ability of HRCT Scanning to Diagnose ILD.......Page 1733 Gallium Scanning.......Page 1734 Pulmonary Function Tests......Page 1735 Abnormalities during Sleep......Page 1736 Histopathology......Page 1737 Etiologic Factors and Pathogenic Mechanisms......Page 1738 Diagnosis......Page 1739 Pulmonary Physiologic Tests.......Page 1740 Therapeutic Approach......Page 1741 Pirfenidone.......Page 1742 Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux.......Page 1743 Acute Exacerbations of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis......Page 1744 Computed Tomography Scan.......Page 1745 Differential Diagnosis......Page 1746 Pulmonary Function Tests......Page 1747 Clinical Course and Outcome......Page 1748 Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia......Page 1749 Pathologic Features......Page 1750 Clinical Features......Page 1751 Idiopathic Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis......Page 1752 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1754 Key Readings......Page 1753 References......Page 1766 Microbial Agents......Page 1773 Exposure Settings and Risk Factors......Page 1774 Immunopathogenesis......Page 1775 Histopathology......Page 1776 Signs and Symptoms......Page 1777 Imaging......Page 1778 Diagnosing Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis......Page 1779 Exposure History......Page 1780 Lung Biopsy......Page 1781 Treatment......Page 1782 Prevention......Page 1783 eFigure Image Galley......Page 1785 Key Readings......Page 1784 References......Page 1788 Epidemiology and Risk Factors......Page 1791 Chemically Induced Scleroderma- Like Disorders......Page 1792 epithelial damage.......Page 1793 Imaging......Page 1794 Bronchoalveolar Lavage......Page 1795 Prognosis......Page 1796 Treatment......Page 1797 Pulmonary Vascular Disease in Systemic Sclerosis......Page 1798 Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis......Page 1799 Follicular Bronchiolitis......Page 1801 Drug-Induced Pulmonary Disease......Page 1802 Treatment of Pulmonary Complications......Page 1803 Extrapulmonary Restriction......Page 1804 Pleural Disease......Page 1805 Tracheobronchial Disease......Page 1806 Epidemiology and Risk Factors......Page 1807 Laboratory Tests.......Page 1808 Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease......Page 1809 Relapsing Polychondritis......Page 1810 Behçet Syndrome......Page 1811 Marfan Syndrome......Page 1812 eFigure Image Galley......Page 1814 Key Readings......Page 1813 References......Page 1821 Potential Antigens......Page 1828 Genetic Aspects......Page 1829 Radiographic Findings......Page 1830 Serum Markers for Disease......Page 1831 Bronchoalveolar Lavage......Page 1833 Extrapulmonary Tissue Biopsy......Page 1834 Clinical Phenotypes Suggestive of Sarcoidosis......Page 1835 Pathologic Findings......Page 1836 Chest Computed Tomography Scanning......Page 1838 Health-Related Quality of Life......Page 1839 Nervous System......Page 1840 Ears, Nose, and Throat......Page 1841 Anti-Inflammatory Medications......Page 1842 Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 1844 Lung Transplantation......Page 1845 Key Readings......Page 1846 References......Page 1847 Radiology and Laboratory Evaluation......Page 1854 Classification Schema......Page 1855 Role of Surgical Lung Biopsy and Renal Biopsy......Page 1856 Therapeutic Approach......Page 1857 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Wegener Granulomatosis.......Page 1858 Microscopic Polyangiitis.......Page 1859 Goodpasture Syndrome.......Page 1860 Coagulation Disorders......Page 1862 Mitral Stenosis.......Page 1863 Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis.......Page 1864 Dyskeratosis Congenita......Page 1865 Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis......Page 1866 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1868 Key Readings......Page 1867 References......Page 1874 Eosinophil Biology......Page 1879 Clinical Presentation......Page 1880 Diagnosis......Page 1881 Imaging......Page 1883 Treatment and Prognosis......Page 1884 Imaging......Page 1885 History and Nomenclature......Page 1886 Clinical Features......Page 1887 Imaging......Page 1888 Diagnosis......Page 1889 Treatment and Prognosis......Page 1890 Pathogenenesis......Page 1891 Treatment and Prognosis......Page 1892 Pathogenesis.......Page 1893 Eosinophilic Pneumonia in Larva Migrans Syndrome......Page 1894 Pathogenesis.......Page 1895 Imaging.......Page 1896 Drugs......Page 1897 Organizing Pneumonia......Page 1898 Other Lung Diseases with Occasional Eosinophilia......Page 1899 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1901 Key Readings......Page 1900 References......Page 1906 Epidemiology......Page 1914 Tumor Suppressor Proteins Control Cell Growth......Page 1915 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Mutations Are Found in the Lung and Kidney Lesions of Patients with Sporadic Lymphangioleiomyomatosis......Page 1916 Mechanisms of Matrix Remodeling in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis......Page 1918 Imaging Studies......Page 1919 Pulmonary Function Testing......Page 1922 Pathology......Page 1924 Differential Diagnosis......Page 1925 Trials and Treatment......Page 1926 Sirolimus......Page 1927 Pregnancy......Page 1928 Pleural Disease......Page 1929 Progression and Prognosis......Page 1930 Future Clinical Trials in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis......Page 1931 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1933 Key Readings......Page 1932 References......Page 1940 Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor......Page 1945 Role of GM-CSF Autoantibodies in Primary PAP......Page 1946 Genetic Factors......Page 1947 Environmental Factors......Page 1949 Pulmonary Surfactant Metabolic Dysfunction......Page 1950 Epidemiology......Page 1951 Clinical Presentation......Page 1952 Radiographic Appearance......Page 1953 Laboratory Studies......Page 1954 Approach to Diagnosis......Page 1955 Secondary Infections......Page 1956 Whole-Lung Lavage......Page 1957 Clinical Practice Guidelines......Page 1958 Key Readings......Page 1959 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1960 References......Page 1968 Chemotherapeutic Agents......Page 1972 Bleomycin......Page 1974 Other Antibiotic Chemotherapeutic Agents......Page 1975 Ifosfamide......Page 1976 Cytosine Arabinoside......Page 1977 Nitrosoureas......Page 1978 All-Trans Retinoic Acid......Page 1979 Rituximab.......Page 1980 Interferons.......Page 1981 Chronic Reaction......Page 1982 Heroin......Page 1983 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors......Page 1984 Amiodarone......Page 1985 β-Adrenergic Antagonists......Page 1986 Biologic Agents......Page 1987 Drug-Induced Systemic Lupus Erythematosus......Page 1988 Radiographic Contrast Medium?Induced Leukostasis......Page 1989 Esophageal Variceal Sclerotherapy......Page 1990 Key Readings......Page 1991 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 1992 References......Page 2005 Introduction......Page 2009 Causal Agents......Page 2010 Host-Related Factors......Page 2011 Diagnosis......Page 2012 Outcome and Management of Sensitizer-Induced Asthma......Page 2014 Epidemiologic Aspects......Page 2015 Risk Factors......Page 2016 Prevention......Page 2017 Diagnosis of Work-Exacerbated Asthma......Page 2018 Socioeconomic Impact of Work-Exacerbated Asthma......Page 2019 Key Readings......Page 2020 References......Page 2021 Exposure-Response Relationships......Page 2024 Clinical Issues, Lung Function, and Principles of Management......Page 2025 Epidemiology and Implications for Clinical Practice......Page 2026 Pathology......Page 2027 Pathogenesis......Page 2028 Clinical Features......Page 2029 Radiographic Features......Page 2030 Definition and Occupations at Risk......Page 2031 Pathology......Page 2032 Pathogenesis......Page 2033 Chest Radiography......Page 2034 History and Uses......Page 2035 Sources of Human Exposure......Page 2036 Pathology and Pathogenesis......Page 2038 Radiographic Features......Page 2039 Diagnosis and Complications......Page 2040 Clinical Features......Page 2041 Benign ASBESTOS-Related Pleural Effusions......Page 2042 Nonasbestos Mineral Silicates and Lung Disease......Page 2043 Man-Made Vitreous Fibers......Page 2044 Clinical Features......Page 2045 New Pneumoconioses......Page 2046 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2048 Asbestos......Page 2047 References......Page 2055 Pollutants?What They are and Why They Matter......Page 2060 General Properties, Sources, and Distribution of Pollutants......Page 2061 Deposition of and Clearance of Particles see Chapter 11......Page 2062 Oxidative Stress......Page 2063 Epidemiologic Studies......Page 2064 Sources of Indoor Pollution......Page 2065 Secondhand Smoke and Obstructive Lung Disease......Page 2066 Other Indoor Pollutants?“Toxic? Indoor Environment......Page 2067 Sulfur Dioxide......Page 2068 Nitrogen Dioxide......Page 2069 Ozone......Page 2070 Key Readings......Page 2071 References......Page 2072 Patterns of Response to Irritant Inhalation......Page 2077 General Management Principles......Page 2078 Chlorine, Chloramines, Hydrochloric Acid, and Related Chemicals......Page 2079 Overview......Page 2081 Cadmium, Mercury, and Nickel......Page 2082 Metal Fume Fever, Polymer Fume Fever, Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome, and Other Inhalation Fevers......Page 2083 Paraquat......Page 2084 Pharmacologic Syndromes......Page 2085 Miscellaneous Exposures......Page 2086 Useful Resources for Information about Specific Toxins......Page 2087 References......Page 2088 Rib Fractures......Page 2095 Sternal Fractures.......Page 2097 Pulmonary Contusion......Page 2098 Pulmonary Laceration......Page 2099 Pneumothorax.......Page 2100 Hemothorax.......Page 2102 Diaphragm Injuries......Page 2103 Introduction......Page 2104 Inertia Forces......Page 2105 Key Readings......Page 2106 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2107 References......Page 2113 Acute Response.......Page 2117 Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure.......Page 2118 Diffusion.......Page 2119 Oxygen-Hemoglobin Affinity......Page 2120 Fluid Homeostasis and Renal Function......Page 2121 Ventilation......Page 2122 Training at High Altitude......Page 2123 Natural Course of Untreated AMS.......Page 2124 Prevention.......Page 2125 High-Altitude Cerebral Edema......Page 2127 Possible Mechanisms.......Page 2128 Treatment.......Page 2130 Pathophysiology.......Page 2131 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Interstitial Lung Disease......Page 2132 Altitude-Illness Medications and Underlying Medical Diseases......Page 2133 Key Readings......Page 2134 References......Page 2135 Energy Needs for Diving......Page 2139 Disorders Related to Diving: Nomenclature......Page 2140 Clinical Manifestations of Arterial Gas Embolism.......Page 2141 Less Common Forms of Barotrauma......Page 2142 Factors Affecting Risk for Decompression Sickness......Page 2143 Clinical Manifestations......Page 2144 Emergency Treatment......Page 2145 Diving-Induced Arrhythmias......Page 2146 Cardiovascular System......Page 2147 Treatment......Page 2148 Key Readings......Page 2149 References......Page 2150 Introduction......Page 2153 Blood Supply......Page 2154 Normal Pleural Liquid and Protein Turnover......Page 2155 Pleural Effusions......Page 2156 Effects of Pleural Effusions on Lung and Cardiac Function......Page 2157 Separation of Exudates From Transudates......Page 2158 Differentiating Exudative Pleural Effusions......Page 2159 Pleural Fluid White Cell Count and Differential......Page 2160 Other Diagnostic Tests for Malignancy......Page 2161 Tests for Collagen Vascular Diseases......Page 2162 Useful Radiographic Tests in Patients with Suspected Pleural Disease......Page 2163 Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 2164 Needle Biopsy of the Pleura......Page 2165 Thoracoscopy or Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery......Page 2166 Clinical Manifestations......Page 2167 Pathophysiology......Page 2168 Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 2169 Other Causes of Transudative Pleural Effusions......Page 2170 Clinical Manifestations......Page 2171 Esophageal Perforation......Page 2172 Chronic Pancreatic Pleural Effusion.......Page 2173 Liver Transplantation......Page 2174 Clinical Manifestations.......Page 2175 Uremia......Page 2176 Post?Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery......Page 2177 Interleukin-2......Page 2178 Trapped Lung......Page 2179 Yellow Nail Syndrome......Page 2180 Key Readings......Page 2181 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2182 References......Page 2187 Incidence......Page 2192 Clinical Presentation......Page 2193 Microbiology......Page 2194 Antibiotic Selection and Duration......Page 2195 Radiology......Page 2196 Bronchoscopy......Page 2197 Fibrinolytic Therapy......Page 2198 Summary......Page 2199 Diagnosis......Page 2200 Aspergillosis......Page 2201 Histoplasmosis......Page 2202 Amebiasis......Page 2203 Paragonimiasis......Page 2204 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2206 Key Readings......Page 2205 References......Page 2211 Pathophysiology of Pneumothorax......Page 2214 Etiologic Factors......Page 2215 Diagnosis......Page 2216 Simple Aspiration......Page 2217 Thoracoscopy......Page 2218 Diagnosis......Page 2219 Pneumothorax Secondary to Pneumocystis in Patients with AIDS......Page 2220 Treatment......Page 2221 Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 2222 Treatment......Page 2223 Clinical Manifestations......Page 2224 Prevention......Page 2225 Etiology......Page 2226 Diagnosis......Page 2227 General Approaches......Page 2228 Nontraumatic Chylothorax.......Page 2229 Pathogenesis......Page 2230 Diagnosis......Page 2231 Complications......Page 2232 Fibrothorax......Page 2233 Diagnosis......Page 2234 Key Readings......Page 2235 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2236 References......Page 2241 Malignant Pleural Effusions......Page 2246 Radiographic Evaluation......Page 2248 Diagnosis......Page 2249 Therapy and Palliation......Page 2250 Incidence and Etiology......Page 2252 Genetic Characteristics......Page 2253 Radiographic Evaluation......Page 2254 Diagnosis......Page 2255 Prognosis and Staging......Page 2256 Surgical Therapy......Page 2257 Immunotherapy......Page 2258 Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura......Page 2259 Primary Effusion Lymphoma......Page 2260 Pyothorax-Associated Lymphoma......Page 2261 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2263 Key Readings......Page 2262 References......Page 2269 Normal Anatomy of the Mediastinum......Page 2274 Systemic Symptoms and Syndromes......Page 2276 Computed Tomography......Page 2277 Ultrasonography......Page 2278 Nuclear Imaging......Page 2279 Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration......Page 2280 Classification......Page 2281 Thymic Neoplasms......Page 2282 Germ Cell Tumors......Page 2284 Parathyroid Lesions......Page 2285 Primary Carcinoma......Page 2286 Neurogenic Tumors......Page 2287 Initial Evaluation......Page 2289 Surgical Management......Page 2290 Key Readings......Page 2291 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2292 References......Page 2326 Pathophysiology......Page 2330 Mechanism of “Spontaneous? Alveolar Rupture.......Page 2331 Spread of Air following Alveolar Rupture.......Page 2332 Predisposing Conditions.......Page 2333 Barotrauma.......Page 2334 Radiographic Features......Page 2335 Management of Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum......Page 2336 Mediastinitis Resulting from Visceral Perforation......Page 2337 Direct Extension of Infection from Extramediastinal Sites......Page 2339 Mediastinitis After Cardiothoracic Surgery......Page 2340 Etiologies and Pathophysiology......Page 2341 Superior Vena Cava Obstruction.......Page 2342 Diagnosis and Management......Page 2343 Key Readings......Page 2344 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2345 References......Page 2353 Wakefulness and Sleep......Page 2357 Wakefulness......Page 2358 The “Sleep Switch?......Page 2359 Effects of Common Neurodepressive Drugs on Brain Arousal State......Page 2360 Inspiration......Page 2361 Respiratory Muscles Vary in the Degree of Their Relationship to Breathing......Page 2363 Application......Page 2364 Application......Page 2365 Principle......Page 2366 Application......Page 2367 Principle......Page 2368 Application......Page 2369 Application......Page 2370 Individualized Therapy Targeting Underlying Mechanisms......Page 2371 Key Readings......Page 2372 References......Page 2373 Regulation of Arterial CO2 Tension......Page 2374 Permissive Hypercapnia......Page 2375 Acid Base and Ionic Balance......Page 2376 Gas Exchange......Page 2377 Diaphragmatic Function......Page 2378 Cerebral Perfusion?Flow Versus Volume......Page 2380 Cerebral Oxygenation......Page 2381 Mediator Production......Page 2382 Mechanism of Phagocyte Inhibition......Page 2383 Lung Permeability and Fluid Clearance......Page 2384 Gene Activation......Page 2385 Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Failure......Page 2386 Neonatal Brain Injury......Page 2387 Myocardial Ischemia......Page 2388 Experimental Sepsis......Page 2389 Approaches to Minimize Hypercapnia......Page 2390 Extracorporeal Technologies......Page 2391 Key Readings......Page 2392 References......Page 2394 Sleep and Immune Function......Page 2402 Metabolic......Page 2403 Systemic Inflammation......Page 2404 Endothelial Dysfunction......Page 2405 Key References......Page 2406 References......Page 2407 Introduction and Definitions......Page 2409 Upper Airway Size......Page 2412 Gravity/Body Position......Page 2413 Gender Differences......Page 2414 Unattended Sleep Studies......Page 2415 Symptoms, Signs......Page 2416 Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence......Page 2417 Other Conditions and Medications......Page 2418 Cognitive Impairment......Page 2419 Pathophysiology......Page 2420 Myocardial Infarction......Page 2421 Mortality......Page 2422 Positive Airway Pressure......Page 2423 Perioperative Considerations in OSA......Page 2424 Key Readings......Page 2425 eFigure Image Galley......Page 2426 References......Page 2428 Classification of Central Sleep Apnea......Page 2435 Developmental and Degenerative Diseases.......Page 2437 Tumors.......Page 2438 Treatment......Page 2439 Central Sleep Apnea in Association with Heart Failure?Cheyne-Stokes Respiration.......Page 2440 Clinical Features......Page 2443 Adaptive Servoventilation.......Page 2444 Central Sleep Apnea Associated with Cerebrovascular Disease.......Page 2445 Central Sleep Apnea Associated with Acromegaly.......Page 2446 Complex Sleep Apnea.......Page 2447 Idiopathic Central Sleep Apnea.......Page 2448 Key Readings......Page 2449 References......Page 2450 Introduction......Page 2455 Immunologic Abnormalities......Page 2456 Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy......Page 2457 Bacteria......Page 2458 Diagnosis.......Page 2459 Mycobacterium tuberculosis......Page 2460 CD4+ Lymphocyte Count.......Page 2461 Diagnosis.......Page 2462 Prevention of Disease.......Page 2463 Prevention of Disease.......Page 2464 Fungi......Page 2465 Clinical Features.......Page 2466 Diagnosis.......Page 2467 Corticosteroid Therapy.......Page 2468 Cryptococcus Species......Page 2469 Diagnosis.......Page 2470 Diagnosis.......Page 2471 Clinical Features.......Page 2472 Clinical Features.......Page 2473 Treatment.......Page 2474 Other Viruses......Page 2475 Other Parasites......Page 2476 Imaging.......Page 2477 Imaging.......Page 2478 Multicentric Castleman Disease......Page 2479 Treatment......Page 2480 Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonitis......Page 2481 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome......Page 2482 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2484 Key Readings......Page 2483 References......Page 2507 Bacterial......Page 2515 Viral......Page 2518 Fungal......Page 2520 Noninfectious Complications......Page 2521 Respiratory Failure......Page 2522 Drug-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity......Page 2525 Obliterative Bronchiolitis and Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia......Page 2527 Pulmonary Metastatic Calcifications......Page 2528 Key Readings......Page 2529 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2530 References......Page 2541 Introduction......Page 2549 Diagnostic Workup......Page 2550 Antibody Deficiencies......Page 2551 Severe Combined Immunodeficiency......Page 2552 X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia......Page 2553 Common Variable Immunodeficiency......Page 2554 X-Linked Hyper-Igm Syndrome......Page 2556 Gata-2 Deficiency......Page 2557 Ataxia-Telangiectasia......Page 2558 Phagocytic Cell Disorders......Page 2559 Chronic Granulomatous Disease......Page 2560 Defects in the IFN-γ/IL-12/IL-23 Axis......Page 2561 Complement Deficiencies......Page 2562 Key Readings......Page 2563 References......Page 2564 Pathogenesis......Page 2568 Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 2570 Pathogenesis......Page 2572 Diagnosis......Page 2573 Portopulmonary Hypertension......Page 2574 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis......Page 2575 Respiratory Failure......Page 2576 Pleural Effusion......Page 2577 Pulmonary Edema......Page 2578 Sleep Apnea......Page 2579 Key Readings......Page 2580 References......Page 2582 Polycythemia......Page 2586 Sickle Cell Disease......Page 2587 Pathophysiology.......Page 2588 Clinical Features and Evaluation.......Page 2590 Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 2591 Epidemiology.......Page 2592 Pathogenesis.......Page 2593 Clinical Features and Evaluation.......Page 2594 Treatment.......Page 2596 Thalassemia......Page 2598 Leukemias......Page 2599 Inherited Thrombophilia......Page 2600 Epidemiology......Page 2601 Treatment......Page 2602 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2604 Key Readings......Page 2603 References......Page 2610 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 2615 Thyroid Disorders......Page 2617 Hyperthyroidism......Page 2618 Hypothyroidism......Page 2619 Parathyroid Diseases......Page 2620 Acromegaly......Page 2621 Key Readings......Page 2622 References......Page 2623 Alterations in Respiratory Physiology......Page 2627 Asthma......Page 2628 Bacterial Pneumonia......Page 2630 Tuberculosis......Page 2631 Pulmonary Embolism......Page 2632 Amniotic Fluid Embolism......Page 2634 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 2635 Catamenial Pneumothorax......Page 2636 Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome......Page 2637 Key Readings......Page 2638 References......Page 2639 Lower Motor Neurons......Page 2642 Respiratory Muscles.......Page 2643 Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System......Page 2644 Spinal Cord Injury.......Page 2645 Acute Immune-Mediated Polyneuropathy.......Page 2646 Myasthenia Gravis.......Page 2647 Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies.......Page 2648 Chronic Inflammatory Myopathies.......Page 2649 Neuromuscular Disease Related to Critical Illness......Page 2650 Unilateral Diaphragm Paralysis......Page 2651 Bilateral Diaphragm Paralysis......Page 2652 Approach to Respiratory Evaluation and Management of the Individual with Neuromuscular Disease......Page 2653 Ventilatory Support......Page 2654 Nocturnal Ventilatory Support......Page 2655 Cough Support......Page 2656 Key Readings......Page 2657 References......Page 2658 Pulmonary Function and Respiratory Mechanics......Page 2662 Control of Breathing and Sleep-Disordered Breathing......Page 2664 Medical Treatment......Page 2665 Thoracoplasty......Page 2666 Diagnosis and Etiology......Page 2667 Treatment......Page 2668 Respiratory Mechanics......Page 2669 General Aspects......Page 2670 Pulmonary and Respiratory Muscle Function......Page 2671 Interstitial Lung Disease......Page 2672 Treatment......Page 2673 Pulmonary Function......Page 2674 Respiratory Mechanics......Page 2675 Exercise Capacity......Page 2676 Key Readings......Page 2677 References......Page 2678 Introduction......Page 2682 Acquired Causes......Page 2683 Other Acquired Causes......Page 2684 Cervical Spinal Cord Injury......Page 2685 Myopathies......Page 2686 Ventilator-Induced Diaphragmatic Dysfunction......Page 2687 Assessment of Need for Mechanical Ventilation in Neuromuscular Weakness......Page 2688 Principles of Ventilator Management......Page 2689 Pathophysiology......Page 2690 Medical Therapy......Page 2691 Postoperative Patients......Page 2692 Mask Selection.......Page 2693 Oxygenation and Humidification.......Page 2694 Indications and Patient Selection.......Page 2695 Noninvasive Ventilation.......Page 2696 Acknowledgment......Page 2697 Key Readings......Page 2698 References......Page 2699 Classification of Hypoxemia......Page 2704 Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure......Page 2705 Diagnosis......Page 2706 Incidence......Page 2707 Pathology......Page 2708 Neutrophils and Other Inflammatory Mediators......Page 2709 Angiopoietins.......Page 2711 Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury......Page 2712 Genetic Determinants......Page 2713 Complications......Page 2714 Hemodynamic Management......Page 2715 Vasodilators.......Page 2716 Antioxidants and Anti-inflammatory Agents Other Than Steroids.......Page 2717 Pressure and Volume Limitation......Page 2718 Neuromuscular Blockade......Page 2719 The Role of PEEP and Recruitment Maneuvers......Page 2720 Mechanical Ventilation of Patients in the Prone Position Proning......Page 2721 Liquid Ventilation......Page 2722 Long-Term Outcomes......Page 2723 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2725 Key Readings......Page 2724 References......Page 2726 Mode Controller/Feedback Systems......Page 2732 Monitors and Graphic Displays......Page 2734 PEEPi and the Ventilatory Pattern......Page 2735 Alveolar Recruitment and Gas Exchange......Page 2736 Mechanical Loads......Page 2737 Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury......Page 2738 Oxygen Toxicity......Page 2739 Breath Cycling......Page 2740 Mechanical Ventilatory Support Involves Tradeoffs......Page 2741 Parenchymal Lung Injury......Page 2742 Obstructive Airway Disease......Page 2743 Recovering Respiratory Failure?“Weaning? and Discontinuation Process......Page 2744 Positive-Pressure Ventilation in the Prone Position......Page 2745 Endotracheal Tube Resistance Compensation......Page 2746 Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assistance......Page 2747 Key Readings......Page 2748 References......Page 2749 Introduction......Page 2753 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation......Page 2754 Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure......Page 2755 Asynchronies During Noninvasive Pressure-Support Ventilation......Page 2756 ICU or Specific NIV Ventilators......Page 2757 Interfaces......Page 2758 Asthma......Page 2759 Choice Between CPAP or Pressure Support Plus PEEP......Page 2760 NIV for ARDS......Page 2761 Abdominal Surgery......Page 2762 Bronchoscopy......Page 2763 Epidemiology......Page 2764 Special Features of Obesity-Hypoventilation Syndrome......Page 2765 Importance of Monitoring Home Noninvasive Ventilation......Page 2766 Epidemiology of Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Care......Page 2767 Key Readings......Page 2768 References......Page 2769 ECMO Indications and Technology: a Historical Perspective......Page 2775 Indications for Veno-Venous and Arterio-Venous ECMO......Page 2776 Cannulation for Veno-Venous ECMO......Page 2777 O2 Delivery by the Membrane Lung......Page 2779 Oxygen Uptake from the Native Lung......Page 2781 Monitoring and Management of the Artificial Lung......Page 2782 Ventilatory Management of the Native Lung......Page 2783 Low-Flow CO2 Removal: Indications and Technology......Page 2784 CO2 Removal for Ultraprotective Ventilation in ARDS......Page 2785 CO2 Removal as Bridge to Transplant see Chapter 106......Page 2786 Key Readings......Page 2787 References......Page 2788 Predicting the Outcome of Respiratory Failure......Page 2790 Where and How Patients Die......Page 2791 Justification for Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Therapy......Page 2792 Medical Futility......Page 2794 Justification for Administering Palliative Care......Page 2795 Two Models of the Physician- Patient Relationship......Page 2796 Improving Communication and the Quality of Care at the End of Life......Page 2797 Emotional and Spiritual SUPPORT......Page 2798 Management of Pain......Page 2799 Management of Dyspnea......Page 2800 What Therapies Are Withheld and Withdrawn......Page 2801 Acknowledgments......Page 2802 Key Readings......Page 2803 References......Page 2804 Definition and Goals......Page 2807 History......Page 2808 Indications......Page 2809 Exercise Training......Page 2810 Education......Page 2811 Breathing Training, Inspiratory Muscle Training, and Chest Physical Therapy......Page 2812 Dosage......Page 2813 Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Integrated Care of the Respiratory Patient......Page 2814 Outcome Assessment......Page 2815 Advance Care Planning......Page 2816 Key Readings......Page 2817 References......Page 2818 Indications and Candidate Selection......Page 2821 Allocation System......Page 2822 Bridging to Transplantation: Artificial Lung Technologies......Page 2823 Lung Preservation......Page 2824 Routine Posttransplantation Management and Outcomes......Page 2825 Survival......Page 2826 Pulmonary Function......Page 2827 Primary Graft Dysfunction......Page 2828 Airway Complications......Page 2829 Cytomegalovirus......Page 2830 Aspergillus......Page 2831 Acute Cellular Rejection......Page 2832 Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection......Page 2833 Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome......Page 2834 Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder......Page 2835 Recurrence of Primary Disease......Page 2836 Future Directions......Page 2837 eFigure Image Gallery......Page 2839 Key Readings......Page 2838 References......Page 2842 Descriptors of Forced Breathing Maneuvers......Page 2847 Volume-Pressure Relationships......Page 2848 Gas to Blood......Page 2849 V. Other Useful Terms and Equations......Page 2850 A......Page 2851 B......Page 2856 C......Page 2859 D......Page 2868 E......Page 2871 F......Page 2874 G......Page 2875 H......Page 2876 I......Page 2879 L......Page 2882 M......Page 2885 N......Page 2889 O......Page 2892 P......Page 2894 R......Page 2904 S......Page 2907 T......Page 2910 U......Page 2914 V......Page 2915 W......Page 2917 Z......Page 2918