Displacement by Development: Ethics, Rights and Responsibilities

Description

For decades, policy-makers in government, development banks and foundations, NGOs, researchers and students have struggled with the problem of how to protect people who are displaced from their homes and livelihoods by development projects. This book addresses these concerns and explores how debates often become deadlocked between ‘managerial' and ‘movementist' perspectives. Using development ethics to determine the rights and responsibilities of various stakeholders, the authors find that displaced people must be empowered so as to share equitably in benefits rather than being victimized. They propose a governance model for development projects that would transform conflict over displacement into a more manageable collective bargaining process and would empower displaced people to achieve equitable results. Their book will be valuable for readers in a wide range of fields including ethics, development studies, politics and international relations as well as policy making, project management and community development. Half-title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Tables Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Introduction The scope of displacement by development Origins and sources of displacement by development Policy orientations towards displacement by development Research orientations towards displacement by development The ethics of responsible development Kariba Dam Imposition of losses in assets and welleing: Kariba Dam Exclusion from the benefits of development: Navi Mumbai Disempowerment: Grand Coulee Displaced by unethical development: the dark side of resource extraction The development ethics framework Towards responsibilities PART I: Fundamentals Chapter 2 Problems of polarization Contrary orientations: ‘reformistanagerial’ vs. ‘radicalovementist’ Managerialism Movementism Development as invasive Development as intervention Twentiethentury invasions and interventions Urban development and displacement A role for development ethics Conclusion Chapter 3 Defining displacement for and by development Development Displacement for development: a land-se conception Indirect displacement by development: a harm conception The dual conception in relation to others Consequences of displacement by development Conclusion PART II: From Cost–benefit Analysis to Ethics Chapter 4 Cost–benefit analysis and compensation The emergence of cost–benefit analysis Cost–benefit analysis as a publicnterest test Displacement as a source of cost Equity, weights and compensation Technocracy, politics and participation Conclusion Chapter 5 Guidelines and rights World Bank and OECD Guidelines UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement Rights-based challenges An attempt at synthesis: the World Commission on Dams Stage 1: Needs assessment Stage 2: Selecting alternatives: identifying a preferred development plan Stage 3: Project preparation: verifying that commitments are in place before tender of the construction contracts Stage 4: Project implementation: confirming compliance before commissioning; and Stage 5: Project operation: adapting to changing contexts Development banks stand still Towards national policies Conclusion Chapter 6 The development ethics framework Human well-being and human security Human welleing Human security Equity Unequal sharing in benefits Hardship inflicted or preserved Entrenched social inequalities Participation and empowerment Cultural freedom Depreciation and exclusion Indigenous peoples Environmental sustainability Human rights Integrity regarding corruption Conclusion PART III: From Values to Responsibilities Chapter 7 Ethical outcomes The outcomes dilemma Is there a right to be free from losses in assets and living standards? Restoring losses in living standards Restoring all losses Is there a right to share equitably in benefits? Failures of recognition Failing to recognize oustees as legitimate rightolders Failure to recognize types of clearance as displacement Failure to recognize indirect displacement Failures of action Failure to anticipate, recognize and mitigate critical effects Types of harm Types of impact Affected persons Compensation failure Individual and family assets Community assets Access losses Failure to share development benefits equitably Failure to rectify harms of prior local displacement episodes Failure to reduce social inequalities Failure to share input and output Failure to capture and share financial benefits More room for moral failure: human rights, environments, cultures Contributing to political insecurity or armed conflict Failure to foresee and mitigate adverse environmental impacts Damage to cultural freedom Reducing people’s capacity to carry out practices of culture, heritage or worship expressing their identity Heritage denial Failure to reduce exclusion Conclusion Chapter 8 Ethical procedures The consent dilemma Ethics of entering into forced displacement Ethics of conducting forced displacement Jamuna Bridge (Dis)empowering processes Conclusion Chapter 9 From rights to responsibilities Development agents and responsibilities Voluntary displacement I: outcomes for resident property owners Voluntary displacement II: outcomes for tenants, squatters and labourers Voluntary displacement III: processes Forced displacement Beyond direct displacement for new projects From moral to legal rights and responsibilities Chapter 10 International responsibilities and rights regarding displacement Introduction: international participants in development and responsibilities The sovereignty-rotection dilemma and international ethics The way out of the sovereignty-rotection dilemma Cross-border responsibilities The global system and local displacement The international rights of the displaced Conclusion PART IV: Realizing Responsibilities Chapter 11 Narmada revisited Building dams in the Narmada Valley Development ethics in light of the Narmada case Human welleing and human security Equity Participation and empowerment Human rights Cultures and identities Environmental sustainability Conclusions Chapter 12 Starting points and future directions Development ethics and movementist demands Displacement and development: problems of awareness The politics of guidelines and policy documents Realizing the development ethics approach for the displaced Conclusion Bibliography Index