John’s Transformation of Mark

Description

John’s Transformation of Mark brings together a cast of internationally recognised biblical scholars to investigate the relationship between the gospels of Mark and John. In a significant break with the prevailing view that the two gospels represent independent traditions, the contributors all argue that John both knew and used the earlier gospel. Drawing on recent analytical categories such as social memory, ‘secondary orality,’ or ‘relecture,’ and ancient literary genres such as ‘rewritten Bible’ and bioi, the central questions that drive this volume focus on how John used Mark, whether we should speak of ‘dependence,’ ‘familiarity with,’ or ‘reception,’ and whether John intended his work to be a supplement or a replacement of Mark. Together these chapters mount a strong case for a reassessment of one of the key tenets of modern biblical criticism, and open up significant new avenues for further research. Cover page Halftitle page Title page Copyright page Contents Contributors Acknowledgements 1 John’s Transformation of Mark: Introduction 2 John and Mark in the History of Research The case for independence The case for dependence Independent but sharing common sources Mark, John and orality Conclusion 3 The Johannine ‘Relecture’ of Mark Presuppositions and the intertextual model Some examples of hypertextuality Conclusions 4 ‘If John Knew Mark’: Critical Inheritance and Johannine Disagreements with Mark Introduction Disagreement and independence in P. Gardner-Smith Disagreements between Mark’s Gospel and John’s Gospel Disagreement and independence Critical inheritance The critical inheritance of Jesus’ πατρίς The prophet without honour The ‘hometown’ – Nazareth? Jerusalem? Elsewhere? John 4.44 as reception of Mark 6.4? The critical inheritance of Mark 6.4 in John 4.44 Conclusion 5 John’s ‘Rewriting’ of Mark: Some Insights from Ancient Jewish Analogues Introduction The phenomenon of rewriting in ancient Judaism John’s gospel and ‘rewriting’ Conclusion 6 Defining and Debating Divine Identity in Mark and John: The Influence of Classical Language and Literature 7 Parallel Traditions or Parallel Gospels? John’s Gospel as a Re-Imagining of Mark Introduction: ‘I believe in Dodd’ Minor verbal agreements Where John is a fourth Synoptic Gospel ‘A Passion narrative with an extended introduction’ The revelation of the hidden Messiah Conclusion: From tradition to gospel 8 Beyond History: How John Transcends Mark and Ancient Historiography1 Mark, Luke and John in light of ancient historiography John 11 as the turning point of the narrative The motif of delay in John 11 John 11 and the transcendence of history and time 9 The Beginnings of Mark and John: What Exactly Should Be Compared? Some Hermeneutical Questions and Observations Comparing the first sentences of Mark and John (Mk 1.1; Jn 1.1) Is the beginning of the ἀρχὴ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (Mk 1.1) present at the end of Mark’s Gospel (Mk 16.7–8)? Is there a hermeneutical pendant in John? Comparing the opening sections of Mark and John (Mk 1.1–3; Jn 1.1–5) Comparing the beginning of Mark’s and John’s narratives: Where do the narratives of Mark and John begin? What can ‘kephalaia’ contribute to the question of the beginnings of Mark and John? Conclusions 10 Jesus in Sharper Relief: Making Sense of the Fourth Gospel’s Use of Mark 1.2–8 in John 1.19–34 Introduction – theory, defence, agenda Four illustrative examples of the Fourth Gospel’s rewriting of Mark The identity and ministry of John (the Baptist or Prince?) in John 1.19–34 The testimony of John ‘the Witness/Confessor’ in John 1.19–34 Conclusion – Similarities as evidence of use; differences as evidence of writing 11 John the Baptist in Mark and John: An Exercise in Comparison Comparison The Baptist in Mark An exclusively narrative analysis of the Baptist in John How John has – ex hypothesi – transformed Mark on the Baptist The Baptist in John From the heuristic to the genealogical point of comparing Mark and John on the Baptist 12 How John ‘Rewrites’ Mark as Seen in John 5.1–18 Introduction Methods and criteria used to determine dependence or independence Dependence or independence in John 5.1–18? Oral tradition and the Leuven approach Secondary orality67 Media culture: Orality, performance and memory Conclusion Appendix 13 From the Expectation of the Imminent Kingdom to the Presence of Eternal Life: Eschatology in Mark and John Preliminaries The proclaimed kingdom, appointed times, and the return of the Son of Man: Glimpses at the eschatology of the Gospel of Mark Judgement and eternal life made available in the presence of Jesus: The reshaping of eschatology in John Some points of comparison and concluding refl ections 14 Ethical Concepts in Mark and John: A Comparative Approach Introductory remarks Ethical texts in Mark Ethical texts in John On the comparison of texts From Jesus, the Christ, who framed a new ethics of discipleship to Jesus, Son of God , who loved his own to the end: The development of Christological ethics in the Jesus narratives of Mark and John 15 The ‘Speeches’ in Mark and John: Comparative Readings ‘Speeches’, discourses, and dialogues Taking stock: Form, narrative structure and the audience of the speeches in Mark and John The use of sources and traditions in Mark and John The function of speeches in relation to the historiographical claim of Mark and John Mark and John – Is there a relation? 16 The Lost Temptation of Christ? John’s Philosophical Rewriting of Markan Temptation Scenes Introduction1 Temptation scenes in the Gospel of Mark The Socratic philosopher in temptation Johannine rewriting of Markan temptation scenes: Omission, reuse, invention Dramatizing the philosophical autonomy of the Logos John’s dispersion and inversion of the temptation scene in Gethsemane ‘My soul is troubled’: Cracks in the philosophical picture? Conclusion 17 The Plot to Kill Jesus in Mark and John: Reflections on the Literary Relationship between Two Early Christian Th eological Biographies of Jesus on the Basis of a Detail in Their Storytelling Introduction The plot to kill Jesus according to Mark and John Conclusion 18 The Triumph of the King: John’s Transformation of Mark’s Account of the Passion Jesus’ death in Mark Jesus’ death in John Jesus’ trials in Mark (14.53–15.20) Jesus’ trials in John Concluding reflections Bibliography Index of Ancient Sources General Index