An Introduction to Biostatistics

Description

Title Page ......Page 4 Contents ......Page 6 Preface......Page 10 Introduction......Page 14 Populations and Samples......Page 16 Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode......Page 18 Measures of Dispersion and Variability......Page 21 Descriptive Statistics for Frequency Tables......Page 27 The Effect of Coding Data......Page 29 Tables and Graphs......Page 31 Quartiles and Box Plots......Page 35 Accuracy, Precision, and the 30–300 Rule......Page 38 Problems......Page 39 Definitions......Page 50 Use of Permutations and Combinations......Page 53 Introduction to Set Theory and Venn Diagrams......Page 57 Axioms and Rules of Probability......Page 60 Probability Rules and Mendelian Genetics (Optional)......Page 69 Problems......Page 75 Probability Distributions......Page 84 Discrete Random Variables......Page 85 The Binomial Distribution......Page 90 The Poisson Distribution......Page 96 Continuous Random Variables......Page 100 The Normal Distribution......Page 103 The Standard Normal Distribution......Page 105 Problems......Page 111 Definitions......Page 122 Distribution of the Sample Mean......Page 124 Confidence Intervals for the Population Mean......Page 130 Confidence Intervals for the Population Variance......Page 137 Confidence Intervals for a Population Proportion......Page 140 Problems......Page 143 An Overview: The Famous Cornflakes Example......Page 150 Typical Steps in a Statistical Test of Hypothesis......Page 155 Type I versus Type II Errors in Hypothesis Testing......Page 157 Binomial Example of Hypothesis Testing (Optional)......Page 163 Problems......Page 164 Hypotheses Involving the Mean ()......Page 168 Hypotheses Involving the Variance (2)......Page 175 Nonparametric Statistics and Hypothesis Testing......Page 179 The One-Sample Sign Test......Page 180 Confidence Intervals Based on the Sign Test......Page 183 The One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test......Page 185 Problems......Page 191 Comparing Two Variances......Page 202 Testing the Difference Between Two Means of Independent Samples......Page 206 Confidence Intervals for 1-2......Page 211 The Difference Between Two Means with Paired Data......Page 213 The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum (Mann-Whitney U) Test......Page 217 The Sign Test and Paired Data......Page 220 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Paired Data......Page 222 Problems......Page 224 k-Sample Tests of Hypothesis: The Analysis of Variance......Page 244 Model I ANOVA......Page 246 Mean Separation Techniques for Model I ANOVAs......Page 256 Model II ANOVA......Page 266 The Kruskal-Wallis Test......Page 268 Problems......Page 275 Randomized Complete Block Design ANOVA......Page 289 Factorial Design Two-Way ANOVA......Page 300 The Friedman k-Sample Test: Matched Data......Page 309 Problems......Page 317 Linear Regression and Correlation......Page 328 Simple Linear Regression......Page 331 Simple Linear Correlation Analysis......Page 343 Correlation Analysis Based on Ranks......Page 349 Problems......Page 358 Goodness of Fit Tests......Page 370 The Binomial Test......Page 371 Comparing Two Population Proportions......Page 374 The Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit......Page 377 The Chi-Square Test for rk Contingency Tables......Page 382 The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test......Page 389 The Lilliefors Test......Page 395 Problems......Page 399 Summation Notation and Properties......Page 416 Expected Values......Page 420 ANOVA Expected Values......Page 426 Calculating H in the Kruskal-Wallis Test......Page 429 The Method of Least Squares for Linear Regression......Page 430 Answers to Even-Numbered Problems......Page 432 Tables of Distributions and Critical Values......Page 496 Cumulative Binomial Distribution......Page 497 Cumulative Poisson Distribution......Page 503 Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution......Page 505 Student's t Distribution......Page 507 Cumulative Chi-Square Distribution......Page 510 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test Cumulative Distribution......Page 512 Cumulative F Distribution......Page 515 Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test......Page 524 Critical Values of the q Statistic for the Tukey Test......Page 528 Fisher's Z-transformation of Correlation Coefficient r......Page 530 Correlation Coefficient r Corresponding to Fisher's Z-transformation......Page 533 Cumulative Distribution for Kendall's Test ()......Page 536 Critical Values for the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient, rs......Page 539 Critical Values for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test......Page 540 Critical Values for the Lilliefors Test......Page 541 Index......Page 542 Guide to Hypothesis Testing......Page 550