Digital communications

Description

Title Page ......Page 5 Copyright Page ......Page 6 Contents......Page 9 Preface......Page 16 List of Abbreviations......Page 20 About the Companion Website......Page 23 Chapter 1 Signal Analysis ......Page 25 1.1.1 Fourier Series......Page 26 1.1.2 Fourier Transform......Page 28 1.1.3 Fourier Transform of Periodic Functions......Page 37 1.2.1 Energy Signals Versus Power Signals......Page 39 1.2.2 Autocorrelation Function and Spectral Density......Page 40 1.3.1 Random Variables......Page 42 1.3.2 Random Processes......Page 44 1.4 Signal Transmission Through Linear Systems......Page 51 Problems......Page 55 Chapter 2 Antennas......Page 57 2.1 Hertz Dipole......Page 58 2.1.1 Near- and Far-Field Regions......Page 61 2.2 Linear Dipole Antenna......Page 64 2.3 Aperture Antennas......Page 67 2.4 Isotropic and Omnidirectional Antennas......Page 71 2.5.1 Polarization......Page 72 2.5.2 Radiation Pattern......Page 75 2.5.3 Directivity and Beamwidth......Page 77 2.5.4 Gain......Page 84 2.5.5 Effective Receiving Area......Page 85 2.5.6 Effective Antenna Height and Polarization Matching......Page 92 2.5.7 Impedance Matching......Page 94 Problems......Page 102 Chapter 3 Channel Modeling......Page 106 3.1 Wave Propagation in Low- and Medium-Frequency Bands (Surface Waves)......Page 107 3.2 Wave Propagation in the HF Band (Sky Waves)......Page 108 3.3 Wave Propagation in VHF and UHF Bands......Page 109 3.3.2 Line-Of-Sight (LOS) Propagation......Page 110 3.3.3 Fresnel Zones......Page 111 3.3.4 Knife-Edge Diffraction......Page 114 3.3.5 Propagation Over the Earth Surface......Page 119 3.4 Wave Propagation in SHF and EHF Bands......Page 130 3.4.1 Atmospheric Absorption Losses......Page 132 3.4.2 Rain Attenuation......Page 134 3.5 Tropospheric Refraction......Page 142 3.5.1 Ducting......Page 145 3.6 Outdoor Path-Loss Models......Page 147 3.6.1 Hata Model......Page 148 3.6.2 COST 231 Extension to Hata Model......Page 149 3.6.3 Erceg Model......Page 152 3.7 Indoor Propagation Models......Page 153 3.7.1 Site-General Indoor Path Loss Models......Page 154 3.7.2 Signal Penetration Into Buildings......Page 156 3.8 Propagation in Vegetation......Page 158 Problems......Page 161 Chapter 4 Receiver System Noise......Page 169 4.1 Thermal Noise......Page 170 4.2 Equivalent Noise Temperature......Page 171 4.2.1 Equivalent Noise Temperature of Cascaded Subsystems......Page 173 4.3 Noise Figure......Page 174 4.3.1 Noise Figure of a Lossy Device......Page 176 4.4 External Noise and Antenna Noise Temperature......Page 177 4.4.2 Extended Noise Sources and Brightness Temperature......Page 178 4.4.4 Effects of Lossy Propagation Medium on the Observed Brightness Temperature......Page 180 4.4.5 Brightness Temperature of Some Extended Noise Sources......Page 184 4.5 System Noise Temperature......Page 191 4.6 Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel......Page 198 Problems......Page 199 Chapter 5 Pulse Modulation......Page 208 5.1 Analog-to-Digital Conversion......Page 209 5.1.1 Sampling......Page 210 5.1.2 Quantization......Page 217 5.1.3 Encoding......Page 227 5.1.4 Pulse Modulation Schemes......Page 228 5.2.1 Time Division Multiplexing......Page 233 5.2.2 TDM Hierarchies......Page 234 5.3 Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) Systems......Page 236 5.3.2 Regenerative Repeater......Page 237 5.3.3 PCM Receiver......Page 238 5.4.1 Fundamentals of Differential Quantization......Page 244 5.4.2 Linear Prediction......Page 245 5.4.3 Differential PCM (DPCM)......Page 250 5.4.4 Delta Modulation......Page 252 5.4.5 Audio Coding......Page 256 5.4.6 Video Coding......Page 258 Problems......Page 260 6.1 The Channel......Page 269 6.1.1 Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channel......Page 272 6.2 Matched Filter......Page 273 6.2.1 Matched Filter Versus Correlation Receiver......Page 276 6.2.2 Error Probability For Matched-Filtering in AWGN Channel.......Page 279 6.3 Baseband M-ary PAM Transmission......Page 287 6.4 Intersymbol Interference......Page 292 6.4.1 Optimum Transmit and Receive Filters in an Equalized Channel......Page 294 6.5 Nyquist Criterion for Distortionless Baseband Binary Transmission In a ISI Channel......Page 296 6.5.1 Ideal Nyquist Filter......Page 297 6.5.2 Raised-Cosine Filter......Page 300 6.6 Correlative-Level Coding (Partial-Response Signalling)......Page 302 6.6.1 Probability of Error in Duobinary Signaling......Page 304 6.6.2 Generalized Form of Partial Response Signaling (PRS)......Page 306 6.7 Equalization in Digital Transmission Systems......Page 307 Problems......Page 311 7.1 Introduction......Page 322 7.2 Geometric Representation of Signals......Page 324 7.3 Coherent Demodulation in AWGN Channels......Page 326 7.3.1 Coherent Detection of Signals in AWGN Channels......Page 329 7.4 Probability of Error......Page 335 7.4.1 Union Bound on Error Probability......Page 337 7.4.2 Bit Error Versus Symbol Error......Page 340 Problems......Page 343 Chapter 8 Passband Modulation Techniques ......Page 347 8.1 PSD of Passband Signals......Page 348 8.1.1 Bandwidth......Page 349 8.1.2 Bandwidth Efficiency......Page 350 8.2 Synchronization......Page 351 8.2.1 Time and Frequency Standards......Page 354 8.3 Coherently Detected Passband Modulations......Page 356 8.3.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)......Page 357 8.3.2 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)......Page 362 8.3.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)......Page 376 8.3.4 Coherent Orthogonal Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)......Page 382 8.4.1 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)......Page 391 8.4.2 Noncoherent Orthogonal Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)......Page 394 8.5 Comparison of Modulation Techniques......Page 398 References......Page 402 Problems......Page 403 9.1 Introduction to Channel Coding......Page 410 9.2 Maximum Likelihood Decoding (MLD) with Hard and Soft Decisions......Page 414 9.3 Linear Block Codes......Page 420 9.3.1 Generator and Parity Check Matrices......Page 422 9.3.2 Error Detection and Correction Capability of a Block Code......Page 426 9.3.3 Syndrome Decoding of Linear Block Codes......Page 429 9.3.4 Bit Error Probability of Block Codes with Hard-Decision Decoding......Page 432 9.3.5 Bit Error Probability of Block Codes with Soft-Decision Decoding......Page 433 9.3.6 Channel Coding Theorem......Page 435 9.3.7 Hamming Codes......Page 436 9.4.1 Generator Polynomial and Encoding of Cyclic Codes......Page 439 9.4.2 Parity-Check Polynomial......Page 442 9.4.3 Syndrome Decoding of Cyclic Codes......Page 443 9.4.4 Cyclic Block Codes......Page 446 9.5 Burst Error Correction......Page 453 9.5.1 Interleaving......Page 454 9.5.2 Reed-Solomon (RS) Codes......Page 456 9.5.3 Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes......Page 459 9.6 Convolutional Coding......Page 460 9.6.1 A Rate- Convolutional Encoder......Page 461 9.6.3 Generator Polynomial Representation of Convolutional Codes......Page 462 9.6.4 State and Trellis Diagram Representation of a Convolutional codes......Page 463 9.6.5 Decoding of Convolutional Codes......Page 465 9.6.6 Transfer Function and Free Distance......Page 469 9.6.7 Error Probability of Convolutional Codes......Page 471 9.6.8 Coding Gain of Convolutional Codes......Page 475 9.7 Concatenated Coding......Page 478 9.8 Turbo Codes......Page 480 9.9 Automatic Repeat-Request (ARQ)......Page 483 9.9.1 Undetected Error Probability......Page 485 9.9.2 Basic ARQ Protocols......Page 487 9.9.3 Hybrid ARQ Protocols......Page 491 Appendix 9A Shannon Limit For Hard-Decision and Soft-Decision Decoding......Page 495 Problems......Page 497 Chapter 10 Broadband Transmission Techniques ......Page 503 10.1.1 PN Sequences......Page 505 10.1.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum......Page 509 10.1.3 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum......Page 532 10.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)......Page 543 10.2.1 OFDM Transmitter......Page 544 10.2.2 OFDM Receiver......Page 547 10.2.3 Intercarrier Interference (ICI) in OFDM Systems......Page 553 10.2.4 Channel Estimation by Pilot Subcarriers......Page 555 10.2.6 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in OFDM......Page 556 10.2.7 Multiple Access in OFDM Systems......Page 563 10.2.8 Vulnerability of OFDM Systems to Impulsive Channel......Page 567 10.2.9 Adaptive Modulation and Coding in OFDM......Page 568 Appendix 10A Frequency Domain Analysis of DSSS Signals ......Page 569 Appendix 10B Time Domain Analysis of DSSS Signals ......Page 571 Appendix 10C SIR inOFDMsystems......Page 572 References......Page 575 Problems......Page 576 Chapter 11 Fading Channels ......Page 581 11.1 Introduction......Page 582 11.2 Characterisation of Multipath Fading Channels......Page 583 11.5.1 Tapped Delay-Line Channel Model......Page 586 11.2.2 Doppler Spread......Page 593 11.2.3 The Effect of Signal Characteristics on the Choice of a Channel Model......Page 602 11.3.1 Rayleigh Fading......Page 606 11.3.2 Rician Fading......Page 608 11.3.3 Nakagami-m Fading......Page 611 11.3.4 Log-Normal Shadowing......Page 615 11.3.5 Composite Fading and Shadowing......Page 620 11.3.6 Fade Statistics......Page 624 11.4 Bit Error Probability in Frequency-Nonselective Slowly Fading Channels......Page 628 11.4.1 Bit Error Probability for Binary Signaling......Page 629 11.4.2 Moment Generating Function......Page 631 11.4.3 Bit Error Probability for M-ary Signalling......Page 634 11.4.4 Bit Error Probability in Composite Fading and Shadowing Channels......Page 637 11.5 Frequency-Selective Slowly-Fading Channels......Page 638 11.5.2 Rake Receiver......Page 641 11.6.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation......Page 646 11.6.2 Scheduling and Multi-User Diversity......Page 647 Problems......Page 650 Chapter 12 Diversity and Combining Techniques ......Page 662 12.1 Antenna Arrays in Non-Fading Channels......Page 664 12.1.1 SNR......Page 671 12.2 Antenna Arrays in Fading Channels......Page 674 12.3 Correlation Effects in Fading Channels......Page 678 12.4 Diversity Order, Diversity Gain and Array Gain......Page 681 12.4.1 Tradeoff Between the Maximum Eigenvalue and the Diversity Gain.......Page 683 12.5 Ergodic and Outage Capacity in Fading Channels......Page 684 12.5.1 Multiplexing Gain......Page 687 12.6 Diversity and Combining......Page 688 12.6.1 Combining Techniques for SIMO Systems......Page 690 12.6.2 Transmit Diversity (MISO)......Page 710 References......Page 715 Problems......Page 716 Chapter 13 MIMO Systems ......Page 725 13.1 Channel Classification......Page 726 13.2 MIMO Channels with Arbitrary Number of Transmit and Receive Antennas......Page 727 13.3 Eigenvalues of the Random Wishart Matrix HHH......Page 731 13.3.1 Uncorrelated Central Wishart Distribution......Page 732 13.3.2 Correlated Central Wishart Distribution......Page 734 13.4 A 2x2 MIMO Channel......Page 742 13.5 Diversity Order of a MIMO System......Page 746 13.6 Capacity of a MIMO System......Page 747 13.6.1 Water-Filling Algorithm......Page 752 13.7 MIMO Beamforming Systems......Page 754 13.7.1 Bit Error Probability in MIMO Beamforming Systems......Page 756 13.8 Transmit Antenna Selection (TAS) in MIMO Systems......Page 758 13.9 Parasitic MIMO Systems......Page 764 13.9.1 Formulation......Page 765 13.9.2 Output SNR......Page 767 13.9.4 Bit Error Probability......Page 768 13.9.5 5x5 Parasitic MIMO-MRC......Page 770 13.10.1 The Channel Model......Page 772 13.10.2 Spatial Multiplexing (SM) with Polarization Diversity......Page 774 13.10.4 Simulation Results......Page 775 References......Page 777 Problems......Page 779 Chapter 14 Cooperative Communications ......Page 782 14.1 Dual-Hop Amplify-and-Forward Relaying......Page 783 14.1.1 Source-Relay-Destination Link with a Single Relay......Page 784 14.1.2 Combined SRD and Direct Links......Page 789 14.2 Relay Selection in Dual-Hop Relaying......Page 791 14.2.2 Performance Evaluation of Selection-Combined Best SRD and SD Links......Page 793 14.3.1 Source-Relay-Destination Link......Page 800 14.3.2 Source-Destination Link......Page 806 14.3.3 Selection-Combined SRD and SD Links......Page 807 14.4 Dual-Hop Detect-and-Forward Relaying......Page 811 14.5 Relaying with Multiple Antennas at Source, Relay and Destination......Page 820 14.6 Coded Cooperation......Page 822 Appendix 14A CDF of γeq and γeq,0 ......Page 824 Appendix 14B Average Capacity of γeq,0 ......Page 825 14C.1 SRD Link......Page 826 14C.2 Selection combined SRD and SD links......Page 827 Appendix 14D CDF of γeq,a ......Page 828 References......Page 830 Problems......Page 831 Appendix A Vector Calculus in Spherical Coordinates ......Page 834 B.1 Gaussian Q-Function ......Page 835 B.1.2 Some Useful Relations ......Page 836 B.2 Marcum-Q Function ......Page 839 References......Page 842 Appendix C Fourier Transforms ......Page 843 D.1 Trigonometric Identities ......Page 845 D.2 Series ......Page 846 D.3 Summations ......Page 847 D.4.3 Integrals Involving Exponentials......Page 848 D.4.4 Integrals Involving Bessel Functions......Page 849 D.6.1 Q Function ......Page 850 D.6.5 Bessel Functions ......Page 851 D.6.8 Sine and Cosine Integrals ......Page 853 D.6.10 Sinc Function ......Page 854 References......Page 857 E.1 Introduction to Wishart Distribution ......Page 858 E.2 Full Rank Wishart Matrices ......Page 860 E.3 Pseudo Wishart Matrices ......Page 865 References......Page 867 F.1 Random Variable ......Page 868 F.2 Statistical Averages of Random Variables ......Page 869 F.2.1 Statistical Analysis of Multiple Random Variables......Page 870 F.2.2 Conditional Probability ......Page 872 F.3 Moment Generating Function (MGF) ......Page 873 F.4 Functions of Random Variables ......Page 874 F.5 Multiple Functions of Multiple Rv´s ......Page 876 F.6 Ordered Statistics ......Page 880 Gaussian (normal) pdf......Page 881 Log-normal distribution......Page 882 Chi-square distribution......Page 883 Gamma distribution......Page 885 Rayleigh distribution......Page 886 Nakagami-m distribution......Page 887 Poisson distribution......Page 889 Binomial distribution......Page 892 References......Page 893 Index......Page 895 EULA......Page 909