Bioengineering and Biomaterials in Ventricular Assist Devices (Emerging Materials and Technologies)

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Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Foreword: What Is “Social” about Artificial Hearts? Editor Contributors Introduction Part I: Bioengineering in Ventricular Assist Devices Chapter 1 VAD Design 1.1 Author’s Experiences—How It Began 1.2 Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) 1.3 Rotor Geometry 1.4 Hemolysis and Thrombosis 1.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 1.6 Transventricular Assist Device (TVAD) 1.7 Apical Aortic Blood Pump (AABP) 1.8 Temporary Ventricular Assist Device (TVAD) References Chapter 2 Electromechanical Actuators 2.1 Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) Motor 2.2 Axial Flow Brushless Motors 2.3 Electromagnetism 2.4 Analytical Design 2.5 Actuator Winding 2.6 Electrical Conductor 2.7 Computational Modeling 2.8 Magnetic Flow Density Analysis 2.9 Ventricular Assist Devices (VADs) 2.10 Permanent Magnet Direct Current (PMDC) Motor 2.11 Classification of PMBL Motors 2.12 Brushless DC Motors 2.13 Analytic Study of BLDC 2.13.1 Mathematical Model of BLDC Motor 2.13.2 Mathematical Constants of BLDC Motors 2.13.3 Voltage Index (Ke) and Velocity Index (Kv) 2.13.4 Torque Index (Kt) 2.13.5 Motor Size Index (Km) 2.14 Finite Element Method 2.14.1 Finite Element Method References Chapter 3 Cardiovascular System Simulators 3.1 Introduction 3.2 History of Cardiovascular Simulators 3.3 Hybrid Cardiovascular Simulator Evaluation Tests 3.3.1 Hybrid Cardiovascular Simulator Parameters 3.3.2 Changes in Left Ventricle Preload 3.3.3 Changes in Left Ventricle Afterload 3.3.4 Changes in Left Ventricle Elastance 3.4 Discussion and Conclusions References Chapter 4 Control Systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Adverse Events of Patients Implanted by Ventricular Assist Devices 4.3 LVAD Physiological Controllers 4.4 Strategies for Preload-Based Physiological Controllers of LVADs 4.5 Strategies for Afterload-Based Physiological Controllers of LVADs 4.6 Strategies for Heart Rate-Based Physiological Controllers of LVADs 4.7 Strategies for Multi-Objective-Based Physiological Controllers of LVADs 4.8 Strategies for Hemodynamic-Based Physiological Controllers of LVADs 4.9 Comparison between LVADs’ Physiological Control Strategies References Chapter 5 Supervisory and Intelligent Systems 5.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces 5.2 Bibliographic Review 5.2.1 Control Systems Theory 5.2.2 Supervisory Control System Architecture 5.2.3 Digital Transformation 5.2.4 RAMI 4.0 5.2.5 Health 4.0 5.3 Architecture of a VAD Control System 5.3.1 Cyber-Physical VAD Definition 5.4 VAD Supervisory System 5.4.1 Architecture Model for Supervisory System for VAD 5.4.2 RAMI 4.0 in the Health Context 4.0 5.4.3 The Behavioral Model of a VAD’s Supervisory System 5.5 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Safety and Security 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Safety and Security Concepts Applied on Ventricular Assist Device Control System 6.3 Control System Topology 6.4 Risk Analysis Applied to VAD Control Systems 6.5 Fault Diagnosis 6.6 Failure Handling in VADs 6.7 Failure Recovery Methods 6.8 Method for Developing the Security Control System for VADs 6.9 Failure Sensing and Severity 6.10 Control System Architecture 6.11 Method for the Development of the Security Control System 6.12 Final Conclusions References Part II: Biomaterials in Ventricular Assist Devices Chapter 7 Hemocompatibility, Hemolysis, Cell Viability, and Immunology . 7.1 Introduction: Biocompatibility in Medicine and Science 7.2 Hemocompatibility and a Standard Protocol to Test Testing Material Capacity to Be Biocompatible (ISO 10993-4) 7.3 Five Components of Blood Flow Never Working Alone 7.4 Coagulation 7.5 Thrombosis 7.6 Platelets 7.7 Erythrocytes 7.8 Immunology and Inflammation 7.9 The Major Two Alternatives to Avoid Problems with Hemocompatibility: Hydrophilic Materials and Hydrophobicity 7.10 Evaluation of Hemocompatibility in vitro and in vivo 7.11 Conclusion for VAD Devices References Chapter 8 Computational Hemodynamics 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Geometry and Domains 8.2.1 Stage Approach 8.2.2 Frozen Rotor-Stator Approach 8.2.3 Sliding Mesh 8.2.4 Transient Adaptive Meshes or Transient Rotor Stator Approach 8.3 Mesh: Relevance and Its Independency 8.3.1 Element Geometries: Tetrahedral vs Hexahedral 8.3.1.1 Overall Geometry 8.3.1.2 Phenomena Expected 8.3.1.3 Fluxes and Sources 8.4 Best Practice 8.5 Interface Treatment 8.5.1 Stationary 8.5.2 Nonstationary 8.6 Quality Parameters 8.6.1 Growth Rate 8.6.2 Skewness 8.6.3 Aspect Ratio and Asymmetry 8.6.4 Mesh Independency Test 8.7 Fluid Dynamics Equations 8.7.1 General Conservative Equations 8.7.2 Most Common Turbulence Models 8.7.2.1 Standard k-e Model 8.7.2.2 RNG k-e Model 8.7.2.3 Shear Stress Transport (SST) Model 8.8 Boundary Conditions and Wall Treatment 8.9 A View on CFD Programs 8.10 Final Remarks References Chapter 9 Biofunctional Materials 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Biofunctional Materials for Implantable Medical Devices 9.3 Biofunctionalization of VAD Components References Chapter 10 Bioceramics for VADs 10.1 Shafts and Bearings in VADs: Characteristics and Demands 10.2 Where Do Material Properties Come From? 10.4.1 Chemical Bonds 10.4.2 Crystal Structure 10.4.3 Microstructure of Materials 10.3 Transforming Ceramic Materials into Ceramic Products 10.3.1 Particulate Systems 10.3.2 Consistency 10.3.3 Densification 10.4 Ceramic Fabrication Processes 10.4.1 Colloidal Approach 10.4.2 Manufacturing Processes for VAD Bearings 10.4.3 Summary and Concluding Remarks References Chapter 11 Tribology in Ceramic Biomaterials 11.1 Concerns Regarding Contact Bearing Design for Use in VADs 11.2 The Contact Bearing Design References Chapter 12 Surface Engineering of Biomaterials by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Surface Treatment 12.2.1 Electrolysis 12.3 Influence of Process Parameters on the Properties of PEO-Treated Samples 12.3.1 Influence of Electrolyte Composition 12.3.2 Influence of Applied Voltage 12.4 Conclusions References Chapter 13 Additive Manufacturing for VADs 13.1 Introduction 13.2 VAD Development Strategies 13.3 Miniaturization: Transventricular and Transcatheter Devices 13.4 TET and VADs—a Possibility for Total Implantable Devices 13.5 Bioprinting References Chapter 14 Laser Additive Manufacturing for the Realization of New Material Concepts 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Short Overview of AM Processes and Respective Applications 14.3 Laser Additive Manufacturing 14.3.1 Fundamental Aspects of Laser Material Processing 14.3.2 LMD Process Characteristics 14.3.3 Defects, Structures, and Textures 14.4 Laser Postprocessing of Additive Manufactured Parts 14.5 Material Screening 14.5.1 Composite Materials 14.5.2 Graded Materials 14.5.3 High Entropy Alloys 14.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 15 Biosensors 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Implantable Sensors Dedicated for Use in Treatment with VADs 15.3 Implantable Sensor Applications 15.4 Implantable Sensor Development 15.4.1 Standards 15.4.2 Bio-Hemocompatibility 15.5 Physiological Parameter Analyses That Are Changed in Patients with VADs 15.5.1 Blood Clotting Measurement 15.5.2 Blood Glucose Measurement 15.5.3 Blood Lactate Measurement 15.5.4 Measurement of c-Reactive Protein—A Future Perspective of Point-of-Care Technology References Chapter 16 Optics and VADs 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Ventricular Assist Devices 16.3 Optics 16.3.1 Photoelasticity 16.3.2 Laser Doppler Vibrometry 16.3.3 Moiré Methods 16.3.3.1 Shadow Moiré 16.3.3.2 Projected Fringes 16.3.3.3 Laser Speckle 16.4 Projects Involving Optics and VADs References Index