Harnessing Synthetic Nanotechnology-Based Methodologies for Sustainable Green Applications

Description

Decision support systems are developed for integrated pest and disease management and nutrition management using open-source technologies as Java, Android and low-cost hardware devices like Arduino micro controller. This text discusses the techniques to convert agricultural knowledge in the context of ontology and assist grape growers by providing this knowledge through decision support system. The key features of the book are as follows It presents the design and development of an ontology-based decision support system for integrated crop management. It discusses the techniques to convert agricultural knowledge in text to ontology. It focuses on an extensive study of various e-Negotiation protocols for automated negotiations. It provides an architecture for predicting the opponent’s behavior and various factors which affect the process of negotiation. The text is primarily written for graduate students, professionals and academic researchers working in the fields of computer science and engineering, agricultural science and information technology. Dr Gerrard E.J. Poinern holds a Ph.D. in Physics from Murdoch University, Western Australia and a Double Major in Physics and Chemistry. Currently he is is an Associate Professor in Physics and Nanotechnology in the School of Engineering and Information Technology at Murdoch University. He is the director of Murdoch Applied Innovation and Nanotechnology Research Group, Murdoch University. In 2003, he discovered and pioneered the use of an inorganic nanomembrane for potential skin tissue engineering applications. He is the recipient of a Gates Foundation Global Health Grand Challenge Exploration Award for his work in the development of biosynthetic materials and their subsequent application in the manufacture of biomedical devices. He is also the author of the 2014 experimental textbook "A Laboratory Course in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology". Associate Professor Suraj K Tripathy is Associate Dean of the School of Chemical Technology at Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India. He currently leads the Chemical & Bioprocess Engineering Lab (CBEL) at KIIT which focuses on achieving sustainability in materials processing and utilization. CBEL explores opportunities in valorization of waste materials (secondary resources) and investigate their applications in catalysis, water treatment, and biomedical systems. CBEL also works closely with industries to develop suitable waste management and resource recycling strategies to optimize the potential of circular economy model. Dr. Derek Fawcett is the Defence Science Centre research fellow at Murdoch University, Australia. His research involves the investigation and development of new advanced materials and their use in innovative engineering systems. He has published over seventy peer-reviewed research papers in international journals. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Contributors Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview 1.2 Scope of the Book 1.2.1 Theme 1: Sustainable Energy Technologies 1.2.2 Theme 2: Developing Advanced Materials for Medicine 1.2.3 Theme 3: Advanced Materials for Agriculture and Environmental Challenges References Theme 1: Sustainable Energy Technologies Chapter 2 Synthesis of Molybdenum-Based Nanomaterial Additives for the Sustainable Use of High-Sulfur Marine Fuels 2.1 The Use of Sulfur Fuels in Marine Transportation 2.2 Future Sustainability of Marine Fuels 2.2.1 Sustainability of Marine Fuels 2.2.2 Mitigation Measures 2.3 The Application of Nano-Scale Catalysts for the Desulfurization of Marine Fuels 2.3.1 Nanotechnology Background 2.3.2 Nanocatalysts and Their Impact on Sulfur Removal from Fuels 2.3.3 Molybdenum-Based Catalysts for Sulfur Removal 2.4 Producing MoO2 and MoS2 Nanoparticles via Hydrothermal Synthesis and Their Characterization by X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy and Rietveld Refinement 2.4.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis of MoO2 and MoS2 Nanoparticles 2.4.2 X-ray Structural Characterization and Rietveld Refinement of Nanoparticles 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Designing the Next Generation of Nanocatalysts for Sustainably Produced Aviation Fuels 3.1 Toward the Sustainable Production of Aviation Fuels 3.2 Fischer-Tropsch Method: An Important Method for Producing Synthetic Liquid Fuels 3.2.1 Syngas Production 3.2.2 Fischer-Tropsch Product Distribution 3.3 A Brief History of the Nanocatalyst: The Journey of a Small Particle in a Big World 3.3.1 Fischer-Tropsch Nanocatalysts 3.3.2 Dopants and Promoters 3.3.3 Effect of Catalyst Supports 3.3.4 The Need for Multifunctional Nanocatalysts 3.3.5 Dry-Mixed Nanocatalysts 3.3.6 Core-Shell Nanocatalysts 3.4 Fischer-Tropsch Nanocatalysts: A Case Study – From Concept to Creation 3.4.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Core Catalysts 3.4.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Core-Shell Catalysts 3.5 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Inorganic Membranes for Gas Separation and High-Temperature Solid Oxide Cells for Producing Synthetic Fuels and Electrical Power Generation: A Review 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Classifying Inorganic Membranes 4.3 Microporous Inorganic Membranes 4.3.1 Silica Membranes 4.3.2 Carbon Membranes 4.3.3 Zeolite Membranes 4.4 Dense Inorganic Membranes 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Dense Metallic Membrane Technology 4.4.3 Dense Ceramic Membrane Technologies 4.4.3.1 Fluorites in Electrical-Driven Membrane Technologies 4.4.3.2 Perovskite’s Membrane Technologies 4.5 High-Temperature Solid Oxide Cells 4.5.1 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) 4.5.1.1 Background 4.5.1.2 Operation of a SOEC 4.5.1.3 Materials Needed to Make a SOEC 4.5.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 4.5.2.1 Increasing Global Energy Demand 4.5.2.2 Overview of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 4.5.2.3 Operation of a SOFC 4.5.2.4 Electrolyte Materials 4.5.2.5 Anode Materials 4.5.2.6 Cathode Materials 4.5.2.7 Recent Advances Made Using Nanomaterials 4.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 4.7 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Chapter 5 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Additives to Improve Basin Water Evaporation Rates for Solar Still Desalination 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and Methods 5.2.1 Materials 5.2.2 Preparation of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Stock Solutions 5.2.3 Preparation of Water Solutions Containing Carbon-Based Additives 5.2.4 GO and RGO Characterization Studies 5.2.5 Photothermal Response and Evaporation Rate Measurements 5.3 Results and Discussions 5.4 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Electrophoretic Deposition and Inkjet Printing as Promising Fabrication Routes to Make Flexible Rechargeable Cells and Supercapacitors 6.1 Background 6.2 Configurations of Flexible Electrochemical Energy Storage 6.2.1 Bendable Storage Device 6.2.2 Stretchable Storage Device 6.3 Components of Flexible Storage Devices 6.3.1 Flexible Electrode Materials 6.3.2 Flexible Current Collectors 6.3.3 Flexible Electrolytes 6.3.4 Flexible Separators 6.3.5 Flexible Packaging 6.4 Novel Fabrication Routes for Bendable Batteries 6.5 Carbon Cloth as Compliant Current Collector 6.6 Case Study – I: EPD of Graphite Anode on 3D Carbon Cloth Current Collectors 6.6.1 Salient Features of EPD 6.6.2 Preparation of Suspension and Electrode Fabrication 6.6.3 Electrochemical Characteristics 6.6.4 Future Prospective for EPD 6.7 Printed Flexible Energy storage Devices 6.7.1 Screen Printing 6.7.2 Gravure Printing 6.7.3 Aerosol Jet Printing 6.7.4 Inkjet Printing 6.7.5 Case Study – II: Inkjet-Printed Supercapacitor 6.7.6 3D/Extrusion Printing 6.8 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Theme 2: Developing Advanced Materials for Medicine Chapter 7 Sustainable Nanotechnology for Targeted Therapies using Cell-Encapsulated Hydrogels 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sustainable Nanotechnology 7.3 Hydrogels for Cell Encapsulation 7.3.1 Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels 7.3.1.1 Agarose 7.3.1.2 Alginate 7.3.1.3 Chitosan 7.3.1.4 Cellulose 7.3.2 Protein/Peptide-Based Hydrogels 7.4 Cell-Encapsulated Hydrogel Technologies 7.4.1 Lithography 7.4.1.1 Soft Lithography 7.4.1.2 Photo Lithography 7.4.2 Bioprinting 7.4.3 Biomicrofluidics 7.4.4 Electrostatic Droplet Extrusion 7.4.5 Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly 7.5 Cell-Based Therapies: Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 7.5.1 3D Tissue Regeneration 7.5.2 Type I and II Diabetes 7.6 Clinical Application of Cell-Encapsulated Hydrogel Implants to Treat Diabetes Mellitus 7.7 Future perspectives and Challenges 7.7.1 Islet Transplantation – Scalability to Humans 7.8 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Wound Healing and Infection Control Using Nanomaterials 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Classification of Skin Wounds 8.2.1 Acute Wounds 8.2.2 Chronic Wounds 8.3 Wound Healing Phases 8.3.1 Hemostasis 8.3.2 Inflammation or Defense Response 8.3.3 Proliferation 8.3.4 Remodeling or Maturation 8.4 Microbial Infections and Current Therapies 8.4.1 Microbial Infections and Delays in Wound Healing 8.4.2 Microbial Infections that Compromise Wound Healing 8.4.3 Current Wound Therapies and Antibiotic-Resistant Strains 8.5 Therapeutic Strategies for Wound Treatment 8.5.1 Wound Therapy Using Natural Compounds 8.5.2 Wound Therapy Using Natural and Synthetic Polymers 8.5.3 Wound Therapy Using Growth Factors 8.5.4 Wound Dressing Products Currently Available in the Market 8.6 Producing Nanomaterials for Wound Healing Therapies 8.6.1 Introduction 8.6.2 Nanomaterial Synthesis Methods 8.6.2.1 Top-Down Approaches 8.6.2.2 Bottom-Up Approaches 8.6.3 Advantages of Using Green Synthesis Methods 8.7 Types of Antibacterial Nanomaterials 8.7.1 Introduction 8.7.2 Silver Nanoparticles 8.7.3 Gold Nanoparticles 8.7.4 Zinc Oxides Nanoparticles 8.7.5 Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles 8.7.6 Polymeric Nanoparticles 8.7.7 Liposomes 8.8 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 9 Calcium Carbonate Micro/Nanoparticles as Versatile Carriers for the Controlled Delivery of Pharmaceuticals for Cancer Treatment, Imaging, and Gene Therapy 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Cancer and Nanomedicine 9.3 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Micro/Nanoparticles 9.3.1 Sources, Polymorphs of Calcium Carbonate, and Its Medical Use 9.3.2 Common Methods for Producing CaCO3 Micro/Nanoparticles 9.3.2.1 Processing Raw CaCO3 Sources Derived from Nature 9.3.2.2 Carbonation 9.3.2.3 Solution Precipitation 9.3.2.4 Reverse Emulsion 9.3.2.5 Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis 9.4 CaCO3-Based Particle Systems for Biomedical Imaging, Targeted Drug Delivery, and Gene Therapy 9.4.1 Nanoparticle-Based Systems for Biomedical Imaging 9.4.1.1 Biomedical Imaging and Contrast Agents 9.4.1.2 Toxicity Concerns of Current Nanoparticle-Based Systems 9.4.1.3 CaCO3 Nanoparticle-Based Systems for Biomedical Imaging 9.4.2 Targeted Drug Therapy and Controlled Release Using CaCO3 Nanoparticles 9.4.3 Gene Therapy Using CaCO3 Nanoparticles 9.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 10 Ultrasonically Engineered Silicon Substituted Nanometer-Scale Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for Dental and Bone Restorative Procedures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Property Evaluation 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Materials and Methods 10.2.1 Materials 10.2.2 Experimental Methods: Preparation of Ultrafine Powders 10.2.3 Powder Characterization 10.3 Results and Discussions 10.3.1 Williamson-Hall Analysis of XRD Peak Broadening 10.3.2 FT-IR Spectroscopy Analysis 10.3.3 Elemental Analysis and Electron Microscopy Evaluation 10.4 Conclusion References Theme 3: Advanced Materials for Agriculture and Environmental Concerns Chapter 11 Nanoparticles for Agriculture 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Application of Nanomaterials in Agriculture 11.2.1 Nano-Fertilizers to Improve Crop Yields 11.2.2 Delivery of Essential Nutrients for Bio-Fortification 11.3 Nano-Pesticides to Pathogenic Diseases 11.3.1 NP/Mechanism for Disease Control 11.3.2 Nanomaterial-Based Insecticides and Herbicides 11.4 Nano-Biosensors for Soil-Plant Systems 11.5 Nanomaterials for Soil Remediation 11.5.1 Nano-Assisted Abiotic Remediation of Contaminated Soils 11.5.2 Nano-Assisted Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils 11.5.3 Nanomaterials for Soil Health 11.6 Effect of Nanomaterials on Soil and Plant Systems 11.6.1 Effect of Nanomaterials on Soil Organic Matter 11.6.2 Effect of Nanomaterials on Soil Microbes 11.6.3 Nanomaterials in Plants 11.6.3.1 Uptake and Translocation Mechanism 11.6.3.2 Influence of Nanomaterials on Plants 11.7 Fate of Nanomaterials in Soil and Environment 11.8 Hazards of Nanomaterials in Soil/Plant/Environment 11.9 Limitations, Knowledge Gap, and Future Perspectives 11.9.1 Nanomaterial-Based Systems for Sustainable Agriculture 11.10 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 12 Designing Composite Nano-Systems for Photocatalytic Water Treatment: Opportunities for Off-Grid Applications 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Motivation for Developing Photocatalytic-Based Nano-Systems for Water Treatments 12.3 Literature Review of Traditional Wastewater Treatments 12.3.1 Conventional Wastewater Treatments 12.3.1.1 Preliminary Treatment Stage 12.3.1.2 Primary Treatment Stage 12.3.1.3 Secondary Treatment 12.3.1.4 Tertiary Treatment Stage 12.4 Water Disinfection Processes 12.4.1 Chlorination 12.4.2 Ultraviolet Light Irradiation 12.4.3 Advanced Oxidation Process 12.4.4 Ozonation 12.4.5 Photocatalysis 12.5 Current Innovations in Photocatalyst-Based Technologies 12.5.1 Doping Photocatalysts for Increased Efficiency 12.5.2 Immobilization of Photocatalysts for Improved Efficiency 12.5.2.1 Immobilization in Photocatalytic Membranes 12.5.2.2 Immobilization in Fiber-Based Materials and Activated Carbon 12.5.2.3 Immobilization in Clays 12.5.2.4 Immobilization in Beads 12.6 Design and Development of a Point-of-Use Photocatalytic Reactor, Using Biocompatible Clay-Based Nanocomposites 12.7 Conclusion References Chapter 13 Applications of Carbon-Based Heterogeneous Nanomaterials for Industrial Waste Treatment 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Different Types of Carbon-Based Heterogeneous Nanomaterials 13.2.1 Fullerenes 13.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 13.2.3 Graphene 13.2.4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) 13.3 Unique Properties of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 13.4 Application of Heterogeneous Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment 13.4.1 Adsorption of Dyes from Wastewater 13.4.2 Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Wastewater 13.4.3 Adsorption of Surfactants from Wastewater Streams 13.4.4 Adsorption of Active Pharmaceuticals Compounds (APCs) 13.4.5 Adsorption of Phenol and Other Contaminants from Wastewater 13.4.6 Heterogeneous Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in the Photocatalytic Applications 13.5 Conclusion References Chapter 14 Microplastic Pollution and Its Detrimental Impact on Coastal Ecosystems and Mid-Ocean Gyres 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Sources of Microplastics 14.2.1 Primary Microplastics 14.2.2 Secondary Microplastics 14.3 Physical and Chemical Behavioral Properties of Microplastics 14.3.1 Physical Properties 14.3.1.1 Migration 14.3.1.2 Sedimentation in Seabeds 14.3.1.3 Accumulation 14.3.2 Chemical Properties 14.3.2.1 Environmental Degradation 14.3.2.2 Leached Additives and Adsorption of Pollutants 14.4 Bioavailability and Behavioral Properties of Microplastics 14.4.1 Factors Influencing the Bioavailability of Microplastics 14.4.1.1 Size and Shape 14.4.1.2 Density 14.4.1.3 Color Preference 14.4.1.4 Abundance in the Marine Environment 14.4.2 Interactions with Marine Organisms 14.5 Future Perspectives for Further Research 14.6 Conclusion References Chapter 15 Quantification of Microplastic Fibers Extracted from South Beach Sediments Located on the South-West Coast of Western Australia: A Preliminary Study 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Materials and Methods 15.2.1 Chemicals and Analytical Considerations 15.2.2 Elutriation System 15.2.3 Reference Microplastic Materials 15.2.4 Elutriation System Evaluation 15.2.5 Beach Sediment Samples 15.3 Results 15.3.1 Recovery Rates of Reference Microplastics and Evaluation of Elutriation System 15.3.2 Quantity of Microplastics Recovered from Beach Sediments 15.3.3 Optical Microscopy Analysis 15.4 Discussion 15.5 Conclusion References Chapter 16 Genes and Nanogenomics 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Scale and Nucleotides 16.3 Key Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Questions and Answers 16.3.1 What Is the Difference between Genetic Engineering and Genome Editing? 16.3.2 What Foods Are Made from Genetically Engineered Plants? 16.3.3 How Long Have Foods from Genetically Engineered Plants Been on the Market? 16.4 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) and Technology 16.5 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) 16.6 Current Nanotechnology Usage in Major Food Crops 16.6.1 Nanoagriculture 16.6.2 Rice 16.6.3 Wheat 16.6.4 Maize 16.6.5 Potato 16.6.6 Chickpeas 16.7 Nano-Delivery Platform Technologies 16.8 Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks References Index