Atlas of Anatomy of the peripheral nerves: The Nerves of the Limbs

Description

This book focuses on the anatomy of the peripheral nervous system. Using the latest 3D-computer graphic modeling techniques, the author developed the innovative NEURO 3D LOCATORTM concept, which provides 3D in-vivo ultrasound images of peripheral nerve architectures, allowing readers to develop a mental real-time 3D GPS of the peripheral nervous system.  This new edition is an extended version of the “Student edition” dedicated to Experts and is divided into three main parts: The first part describes fundamental concepts, from immunohistochemistry to limb innervation, and includes a detailed evaluation of the morphofunctional anatomy of the peripheral nerves. It also presents relevant data on neuromuscular transmission, from both classic and recent literature, to enable readers to gain an understanding the physiology and pathology of peripheral nerves as well as the prospects of repair. The second section addresses the upper limb, the brachial plexus and related peripheral nerves, while the third section focuses on the lower limb, the lumbosacral plexus and related peripheral nerves. By providing MRI sections related to the drawings and the descriptions of main nerve injuries, it facilitates radiological interpretation and clinical learning. The book also features detailed descriptions of surgical approaches and the ultrasound anatomy of the limbs, and includes supplementary material on applications to peripheral nerve stimulation, surgical procedures and interventional pain medicine techniques. Presenting high-quality 3D videos showing the progression of the ultrasound probe in real-time, synchronized with live ultrasound views and enhanced with anatomical computerized graphic layers, as well as over 500 outstanding full-color 2D and 3D illustrations, and access to than 100 practical videos, this unique book is a valuable resource for anesthesiologists, radiologists, orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, neuromodulators, physiatrists, pain physicians and rheumatologists. It will also appeal to the medical community in general. Contributors Foreword I Foreword II Acknowledgements Preamble philosophical approach of an anatomical garden About This Book Abbreviations and Nerve Colour Code Contents List of Videos Part I: Morphological and Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nerve The Normal Nerve Morpho-Functional Anatomy General Organization of the Peripheral Nerve The Structure and Physiology of the Nerves Axon Cytoskeleton Axonal Flow Schwann Cell and Myelination Mechanical Properties of the Nerves Vascularization of the Peripheral Nerves Neuromuscular Junction and Transmission Main Mechanisms of Synaptic Formation The Injured Nerve Physiology of the Damaged Nerve Pathophysiological Mechanisms Nerve Degeneration Mechanisms of Neural Repair Axonal Sprouting Neurotrophic Factors Potential Functional Consequences Functional Regeneration Neuroplasticity Conclusion Bibliography The Plexus Data Learned from Embryology Embryological Development of the Peripheral Nerves Growth of Precursor Cells Development of Segmental Spinal Nerves Basal Lamina and Alar Lamina Peripheral Nerve Pathways Formation of the Myelin Sheath Development of the Innervation of Limbs Introduction Notion of Motor Innervation Notion of Cutaneous Innervation Innervation of the Limbs in Adults Origin and Constitution of the Limb Nerves The Notion of Plexus Bibliography Part II: Nerves of the Upper Limb The Brachial Plexus The Brachial Plexus Morphological Data The Brachial Plexus Relations At the Supraclavicular Level At the Infraclavicular Level Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Interventional Procedure Neurostimulation of the Brachial Plexus Interscalenic Track Installation Equipment and Location Procedure Supraclavicular Pathway Installation Equipment and Location Procedure Bibliography The Axillary Nerve Peripheral Branches Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Collateral Branches Terminal Branches Motor Function Sensitive Function Anastomoses Pathology Aetiology Clinical Significance Clinical Forms Explorations Treatment Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Installation Equipment and Ultrasound Tracking Ultrasound Procedure Interventional Procedure Infiltration/Block Test Indication Out-of-Plane Technique In-Plane Technology Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Surgical Procedure Surgical Indications Surgical Approaches Skin Incision Nervous Exposure Technical Pitfalls The Musculocutaneous Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Collateral Branches Terminal Branches Motor Function Sensitive Function Anastomoses Pathology Aetiology Clinical Signs Explorations Treatment Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Interventional Procedure Infiltration/Test Block Indication In-Plane Technology Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS) Surgical Procedure Surgical Indications Surgical Approaches Skin Incision Nervous Exposure Technical Pitfalls The Radial Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Collateral Branches Terminal Branches Motor Function Sensitive Function Anastomoses Pathology Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome Aetiology Clinical Signs Clinical Forms Explorations Treatment Interventional Procedure PNS Surgical Procedure Surgical Indications Surgical Approaches On the Arm Skin Incision Nervous Exposure At the Elbow Skin Incision Nervous Exposure Technical Pitfalls The Median Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Collateral Branches Terminal Branches Motor Function Sensitive Function Anastomoses Pathology Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome Aetiology Clinical Significance Explorations Treatment Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Clinical Signs Anatomical Atypias Clinical Atypias Differential Diagnosis Treatment Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Interventional Procedure PNS Ultrasound Pathology Surgical Procedure Surgical Approaches Skin Incision On the Arm Nervous Exposure At the Elbow Nervous Exposure At the Forearm Nervous Exposure By Hand Nervous Exposure Technical Pitfalls The Ulnar Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Collateral Branches Terminal Branches Motor Function Sensitive Function Anastomoses Pathology Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Aetiology Clinical Significance Clinical Forms Explorations Treatment Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome (Guyon’s Canal) Aetiology Clinical Signs Clinical Forms Explorations Treatment Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Interventional Procedure Anaesthetic Block of the Ulnar Nerve in the Elbow (Figure U34a) Anaesthetic Block of the Ulnar Nerve in the Ulnar Canal (Figure U34b) Ulnar Nerve PNS Surgical Procedure Surgical Approaches On the Arm Skin Incision Nervous Exposure At the Elbow At the Forearm Technical Pitfalls By Hand Skin Incision Nervous Exposure Main Technical Trap The Suprascapular Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Collateral Branches Terminal Branches Motor Function Pathologies Aetiology Clinical Significance Explorations Treatment Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Interventional Procedure Infiltration/Test Block RFP PNS Surgical Procedure Surgical Approaches Skin Incision Nervous Exposure The Long Thoracic Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Terminal Branches Motor Function Pathologies Aetiology Clinical Significance Treatment Bibliography Part III: Nerves of the Lower Limb The Lumbosacral Plexus Morphological Data The Lumbar Plexus The Sacral Plexus The Obturator Nerve Peripheral Branches Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Collateral Branches Terminal Branches Motor Function Sensitive Function Anastomoses Pathology Obturator Neuralgia Aetiology Clinical Significance Explorations Treatment Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Interventional Procedure Infiltration/Test Block Indication Technique PNS RFP Surgical Procedure Surgical Indications Skin Incision Nervous Exposure Technical Pitfalls The Femoral Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Collateral Branches Terminal Branches Motor Function Sensitive Function Anastomoses Pathology Femoral Nerve Syndrome or Femoral Neuralgia Aetiology Clinical Significance Explorations Treatment Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Interventional Procedure Infiltration/Test Block Indications Technique PNS RFP Morphological Data: Sonoanatomy Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Interventional Procedure Infiltration/Test Block Indication Technique PNS Indications Technique RFP Indication Technique Surgical Procedure Surgical Indications At the Femoral Trigone Skin Incision Nervous Exposure Technical Pitfalls The Sciatic Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Collateral Branches Terminal Branches Motor Function Sensitive Function Anastomoses Pathology Aetiology Clinical Significance Clinical Forms Explorations Treatment Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Piriformis Syndrome Interventional Procedure Infiltration/Test Block Indication Technique PNS Technique Surgical Procedure Surgical Indications Surgical Approaches On the Buttock Skin Incision Nervous Exposure At the Thigh Skin Incision Nervous Exposure Technical Pitfalls The Tibial Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Collateral Branches Terminal Branches Motor Function Sensitive Function Anastomoses Pathology Soleus Syndrome Aetiology Clinical Significance Explorations Treatment Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Aetiology Clinical Significance Clinical Forms Explorations Treatment Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Interventional Procedure Infiltration/Test Block Infiltration at the Proximal Part of the Tibial Nerve Indication Technique Indication Technique RFP PNS Sural Nerve Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Infiltration/Test Block Indications Technique RFP Indication Technique Surgical Procedure Surgical Indications In the Leg Skin Incision Nervous Exposure Technical Pitfalls Surgical Indications At the Ankle Skin Incision Nervous Exposure Technical Pitfalls The Fibular Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Collateral Branches Terminal Branches Motor Function Sensitive Function Anastomoses Pathology Fibular Nerve Injury Aetiology Clinical Significance Clinical Forms Explorations Treatment Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Identification of the Common Fibular Nerve in the Cervix Deep Fibular Nerve Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Superficial Fibular Nerve Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Interventional Procedure Infiltration/Test Block at the Fibula Neck Technique Surgical PNS Implantation at the Fibula Neck Technique Infiltration/Test Block at the Tarsal Tunnel Indication Technique RFP Surgical Procedure Surgical Indications In the Leg Skin Incision Nervous Exposure Technical Pitfalls PNS by Surgery at the Fibula Neck The Lateral Cutaneous Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Terminal Branches Sensitive Function Pathology Meralgia Paraesthetica Aetiology Clinical Significance Morphological Data: Sono Anatomy Installation Equipment and Location Ultrasound Procedure Interventional Procedure Infiltration/Test Block Indication Technique PNS Indication Technique RFP Technique Surgical Procedure: Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Decompression Surgical Description Skin Incision Nervous Exposure The Other Nerves The Iliohypogastric Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Collateral Branches Terminal Branches Sensitive Function Anastomoses The Ilioinguinal Nerve Morphological Data Origin Path Neurovascular Relations Terminal Branches Sensitive Function Pathology Entrapment Neuropathies of the Ilioinguinal Nerve and of the Hypogastric Nerve Aetiology Clinical Significance Clinical Forms Treatment Bibliography Index