Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory

Description

Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory Single volume reference providing procedural information for the destruction of a wide variety of hazardous chemicals Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory is a practical reference that describes procedures for the destruction of a comprehensive list of hazardous chemicals and provides general methods for the destruction of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory without the need for exotic reagents and equipment. Unlike most other sources on this subject, detailed reaction parameters are provided to readers. These details will help the reader decide if a procedure will be appropriate. To further aid in reader comprehension, numerous tables throughout the book allow for ready comparison of procedures. Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory also describes the critical aspects of various protocols (e.g., UV lamp type and rate of ozone flow). The updated fourth edition Includes an updated survey of the literature from 2012-2021 and features data mined from 1,500 papers. It also describes recent examples of methods that are generally applicable to organic compounds and greatly expands the section on methods for the destruction of pharmaceuticals in the laboratory. In this book, readers can expect to find detailed information on: Specific methods for the destruction of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory, such as aflatoxins, butyllithium, complex metal hydrides, ethidium bromide, MPTP, nitrosamines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Methods for the destruction of pharmaceuticals in the laboratory, such as those using ozone, persulfate, and potassium permanganate as well as photolytic degradation procedures Procedures for drying organic solvents A discussion of the issues concerning nitrosamine formation during the destruction process, particularly when sodium hypochlorite is used A variety of indexes, including a general index, cross index of pharmaceuticals and destruction procedures, cross index of dyes and destruction procedures, and cross index of names for dyes and biological stains Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory is of immense value to researchers in the laboratory by enabling them to quickly and efficiently get rid of residual amounts of hazardous chemicals when a series of experiments has ended. The procedures in the text can also be incorporated into laboratory protocols. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents PREFACE INTRODUCTION About This Book Properties of a Destruction Technique Contents of a Detailed Monograph Summary Tables Mutagenicity Assays Analytical Procedures Spills Applicability of Procedures References SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Nitrosamine Formation Sodium Hypochlorite Nickel–Aluminum Alloy Potassium Permanganate References SPECIFIC METHODS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS IN THE LABORATORY Acetonitrile Principles of Destruction and Decontamination Destruction Procedure Analytical Procedures Related Compounds Alternatives References Acid Halides and Anhydrides Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction Procedure for Highly Reactive Compounds (e.g., Acetyl Chloride, Propionyl Chloride, Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride, Benzoyl Chloride, Thionyl Chloride, Sulfuryl Chloride, Methanesulfonyl Chloride, and Acetic Anhydride) Destruction Procedure for Compounds of Lesser Reactivity (e.g., Benzenesulfonyl Chloride and p-Toluenesulfonyl Chloride) Destruction Procedure for Compounds of Unknown Reactivity Analytical Procedures Related Compounds References Aflatoxins Aflatoxin B1 Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Stock Quantities Destruction of Aflatoxins in Aqueous Solution Destruction of Aflatoxins in Volatile Organic Solvents Destruction of Aflatoxins in Oil Decontamination of Equipment and Thin-Layer Chromatography Plates Treatment of Spills Destruction of Aflatoxins in Animal Litter Destruction of Aflatoxins in Animal Carcasses Destruction of Aflatoxins in Aqueous Solution Using Ozone Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution References Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Sodium and Lithium Potassium Magnesium Barium, Calcium, and Strontium References Alkali Metal Alkoxides Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedure References Anatoxin-A Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction Using Ozone Using Potassium Permanganate Analytical Procedures Related Compounds References Aromatic Amines Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Aromatic Amines in Bulk and in Organic Solvents Destruction of Aromatic Amines in Aqueous Solution Destruction of Aromatic Amines in Oil Destruction of 2-Aminoanthracene Decontamination of Spills Decontamination of Glassware Decontamination of Large Quantities of Solutions Containing Aromatic Amines Destruction of Aromatic Amines Using the Fenton Reaction Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Arsenic Principles of Decontamination Decontamination Procedures Analytical Procedures Related Compounds References Azides Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Sodium Azide Organic Azides Analytical Procedures Analysis for Sodium Azide Analysis for Nitrite Related Compounds and Reactions References Azo and Azoxy Compounds and Tetrazenes Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Azobenzene, Azoxybenzene, Azoxyanisole, Phenylazophenol, Azoxymethane, and Tetramethyltetrazene Destruction of Azobenzene, Azoxyanisole, Phenylazophenol, Phenylazoaniline, and Fast Garnet Destruction of N,N-Dimethyl-4-Amino-4′-Hydroxyazobenzene Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Boron Trifluoride and Inorganic Fluorides Principles of Destruction and Decontamination Destruction and Decontamination Procedures Destruction of Boron Trifluoride Etherate Decontamination of Solutions Containing Fluoride Analytical Procedures Related Compounds References Botulinum Toxins Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Inactivation by Steam Autoclave Inactivation by Application of Heat Inactivation Using Sodium Hypochlorite Solutions Treatment of Spills Using Sodium Hydroxide Solutions Detection Procedures Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution References Brevetoxins Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Inactivation Using Sodium Hypochlorite Inactivation Using Sodium Hypochlorite and Sodium Hydroxide Analytical Procedures Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution Related Compounds References Butyllithium Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedures Analytical Procedures for Alkyllithium Reagents Related Compounds References Calcium Carbide Destruction Procedures References Carbamic Acid Esters Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of N-Methylurethane, Methyl Carbamate, and Urethane Destruction of N-Methylurethane, N-Ethylurethane, Methyl Carbamate, and Urethane Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Carbofuran Principles of Destruction and Decontamination Destruction Procedures Analytical Procedures Related Compounds References Chloromethylsilanes and Silicon Tetrachloride Destruction Procedure References N-Chlorosuccinimide and Chloramine-T Destruction Procedure Related Compounds References Chlorosulfonic Acid Destruction Procedure Related Compounds References Chromium(VI) Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Disposal of Bulk Quantities of Chromium(VI)-Containing Compounds (Sodium Dichromate, Potassium Dichromate, Ammonium Dichromate, Chromium Trioxide, and Chromerge Concentrate) Disposal of Solutions Containing Chromium(VI) (e.g., New or Used Chromic Acid or Chromerge Solutions) Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds and Related Procedures References Citrinin Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Citrinin Destruction of Citrinin in Aqueous Solution Destruction of Citrinin in Volatile Organic Solvents Destruction of Citrinin in Dimethyl Sulfoxide or N,N-Dimethylformamide Decontamination of Glassware Decontamination of Protective Clothing Decontamination of Spills Decontamination of Thin-Layer Chromatography Plates Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution References Complex Metal Hydrides Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Lithium Aluminum Hydride Sodium Borohydride Borane·THF Complex Sodium Hydride and Potassium Hydride Lithium Hydride Calcium Hydride Sodium Cyanoborohydride Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution Analytical Procedures Related Compounds References Cyanides and Cyanogen Bromide Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities Destruction of Sodium Cyanide or Cyanogen Bromide in Solution Destruction of Cyanogen Bromide in 70% Formic Acid Destruction of Hydrogen Cyanide Decontamination of Hydrogen Cyanide From Exhaust Gases Destruction of Cyanide in Solution with Hydrogen Peroxide Destruction of Cyanide in Solution Using Photocatalytic Procedures Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds and Related Procedures References Cylindrospermopsin Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedures Analytical Procedures Related Compounds References Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate in Buffer or Water Destruction of Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate in N,N-Dimethylformamide Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate Decontamination of Spills or Equipment Buffers Analytical Procedures Procedure Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds and Related Procedures References Dimethyl Sulfate and Related Compounds Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Dimethyl Sulfate and Diethyl Sulfate Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Methyl Methanesulfonate, Ethyl Methanesulfonate, Butadiene Diepoxide, and 1,3-Propane Sultone Destruction of Dimethyl Sulfate in Organic Solvents Destruction of Dimethyl Sulfate, Diethyl Sulfate, Methyl Methanesulfonate, and Ethyl Methanesulfonate Spills of Dimethyl Sulfate Removal of Alkyl Methanesulfonates and Alkyl Benzenesulfonates from Organic Solutions Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Dyes And Biological Stains Introduction References Decontamination Procedures Decontamination Procedures References Destruction Procedures Photolysis in the Presence of Titanium Dioxide Photolysis in the Presence of Zinc Oxide Ozonation Photolysis with Hydrogen Peroxide Photo-Fenton Reaction Fenton Reaction Photolysis Using a Photo-Activator Degradation Using Horseradish Peroxidase Degradation Using Miscellaneous Oxidants References Analytical Procedures, Mutagenicity Assays, and Related Compounds Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Ethidium Bromide Principles of Destruction and Decontamination Destruction and Decontamination Procedures Destruction of Ethidium Bromide in Aqueous Solution Decontamination of Ethidium Bromide in Aqueous Solution Decontamination of Equipment Contaminated with Ethidium Bromide Decontamination of Ethidium Bromide in Isopropanol Saturated With Cesium Chloride Decontamination of Ethidium Bromide in Isoamyl Alcohol and 1-Butanol Buffer Solutions Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds Alternatives References Haloethers Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities of CMME and BCME Destruction of CMME and BCME in Methanol, Ethanol, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, N,N-Dimethylformamide, and Acetone Destruction of CMME and BCME in Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, and Cyclohexane Decontamination of Glassware and Other Equipment Decontamination of Laboratory Clothing Decontamination of Spills Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Halogenated Compounds Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction With Ni–Al Alloy (Not for 2-Fluoroethanol, 1-Bromononane, 1-Bromodecane, 1-Chlorodecane, and 1-Chlorobutane) Destruction With Ethanolic Potassium Hydroxide (Not for 2-Chloroethylamine, 2-Bromoethylamine, 2,2,2-Trichloroacetic Acid, 3-Chloropyridine, Fluorobenzene, Chlorobenzene, Bromobenzene, Iodobenzene, alpha, alpha-Dichlorotoluene, 4-Fluoroaniline, 4-Fluoronitrobenzene, the Chloroanilines, the Chloronitrobenzenes, or 3-Aminobenzotrifluoride) Summary of Destruction Procedures Destruction Using Mechanochemical Processes Destruction Using Reductive Methods Destruction Using Persulfate Destruction Using the Fenton Reaction Destruction Using the Photo-Fenton Reaction Destruction Using UV Light Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Halogens Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedure Analytical Procedure Related Compounds and Related Procedures References Heavy Metals Principles of Decontamination Decontamination Procedures Analytical Procedures Related Compounds and Related Procedures References Hexamethylphosphoramide Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedure Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays References Hydrazines Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Hydrazines Destruction of Hydrazines in Aqueous Solution Destruction of Hydrazines in Organic Solvents Not Miscible With Water (e.g., Dichloromethane) Destruction of Hydrazines in Alcohols Destruction of Hydrazines in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Destruction of Hydrazines in Olive Oil and Mineral Oil Destruction of Hydrazines in Agar Gel Dealing with Spills of Hydrazines Decontamination of Equipment Contaminated With Hydrazines Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Hypochlorites Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedure Analytical Procedure Assay of Hypochlorites References Mercury Principles of Decontamination Decontamination Procedures Analytical Procedures Related Compounds References 2-Methylaziridine Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedure Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities Destruction of MPTP in Aqueous Solution Destruction of MPTP in Ethanol, Methanol, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, and Acetone Destruction of MPTP in Acetonitrile: Aqueous Buffer High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Eluant Preparation of MPTP Tartrate Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Microcystins Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Inactivation Using Light Inactivation Using Other Procedures Analytical Procedures Related Compounds and Related Procedures Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution References 4-Nitrobiphenyl Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedure Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays References 3-Nitrofluoranthene and 3-Aminofluoranthene Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of 3-Nitrofluoranthene Destruction of 3-Aminofluoranthene Analytical Procedures Related Compounds References Nitrogen Tetroxide Principle of Destruction Destruction of Nitrogen Tetroxide References N-Nitroso Compounds: Nitrosamides Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Nitrosamides Destruction of Nitrosamides in Methanol Destruction of Nitrosamides in Ethanol Destruction of Nitrosamides in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Destruction of Nitrosamides in Acetone Destruction of Nitrosamides in Water Destruction of Nitrosamides in Ethyl Acetate Decontamination of Glassware Treatment of Spills Analytical Procedures Reagents Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References N-Nitroso Compounds: Nitrosamines Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Nitrosamines Destruction of Nitrosamines in Aqueous Solution Destruction of Nitrosamines in Aprotic Organic Solvents (e.g., Dichloromethane) Destruction of Nitrosamines in Alcohols Destruction of Nitrosamines in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Destruction of Nitrosamines in Olive Oil and Mineral Oil Destruction of Nitrosamines in Agar Gel Dealing with Spills of Nitrosamines Decontamination of Equipment Contaminated with Nitrosamines Decontamination of Aqueous Solutions Destruction Using Photolytic Methods Destruction Using Ozone Destruction Using Iron with Nickel Hydroxide Catalyst Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Ochratoxin A Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Ochratoxin A Destruction of Ochratoxin A in Aqueous Solution Destruction of Ochratoxin A in Volatile Organic Solvents Destruction of Ochratoxin A in Dimethyl Sulfoxide or N,N-Dimethylformamide Destruction of Ochratoxin A in Aqueous Solution Decontamination of Glassware Decontamination of Protective Clothing Decontamination of Spills Decontamination of Thin-Layer Chromatography Plates Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution References Okadaic Acid Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedure Analytical Procedures Related Compounds References Organic nitriles Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedure Analytical Procedures Related Compounds References Osmium tetroxide Principle of Decontamination Disposal Procedures Bulk Quantities and Residues in Containers Aqueous Solutions (2%) Spills Analytical Procedures Related Compounds and Related Procedures References Palytoxin Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedures Inactivation Using Sodium Hypochlorite Inactivation Using Sodium Hypochlorite and Sodium Hydroxide Analytical Procedures Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution References Patulin Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Patulin Destruction of Patulin in Aqueous Solution Destruction of Patulin in Volatile Organic Solvents Destruction of Patulin with Ozone Decontamination of Animal Litter Decontamination of Glassware Decontamination of Spills Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Peracids Destruction Procedure Related Compounds References Perchlorates Principles of Destruction and Decontamination Destruction Procedures Destruction Using Fe(0) Destruction Using Ti(III) Decontamination Procedure Analytical Procedures Related Compounds and Procedures References Peroxides and Hydroperoxides Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Hydrogen Peroxide tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Sodium Peroxide Diacyl Peroxides Analytical Procedures References Phenol Principles of Decontamination Decontamination Procedures Related Compounds and Related Procedures References Phosgene Principle of Destruction Destruction of Phosgene in Toluene Solution Destruction of Gaseous Phosgene Destruction of Triphosgene Analytical Procedure Related Compounds References Phosphorus and Phosphorus Pentoxide Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures White Phosphorus Red Phosphorus Phosphorus Pentoxide Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution References Picric Acid Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities Decontamination of Dilute Aqueous Solutions Analytical Procedures References Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities of PAH Destruction of PAH in Organic Solvents (Except DMSO and DMF) Destruction of PAH in N,N-Dimethylformamide Destruction of PAH in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Destruction of PAH in Water Destruction of PAH in Oil Destruction of PAH in Agar Decontamination of Glassware Contaminated With PAH Treatment of Spills Involving PAH Photocatalytic Destruction of BA Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Polycyclic Heterocyclic Hydrocarbons Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities of PHH Destruction of PHH in Organic Solvents (Except DMSO and DMF) Destruction of PHH in DMSO Destruction of PHH in DMF Destruction of PHH in Water Decontamination of Glassware Contaminated With PHH Treatment of Spills Involving PHH Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Potassium Permanganate Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedure Analytical Procedures References β-Propiolactone Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedure Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Protease Inhibitors Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of TLCK and TPCK in Buffer Destruction of Stock Solutions of TLCK in Water Destruction of Stock Solutions of TLCK in DMSO Destruction of Bulk Quantities of TLCK Destruction of Stock Solutions of TPCK in Isopropanol or DMSO Destruction of Bulk Quantities of TPCK Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Ricin Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Inactivation by Heat Inactivation Using Sodium Hypochlorite Inactivation Using Sodium Hypochlorite and Sodium Hydroxide Analytical Procedures Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution References Saxitoxin Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Inactivation Using Sodium Hypochlorite Inactivation Using Sodium Hypochlorite and Sodium Hydroxide Analytical Procedures Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution Related Compounds References Selenium Compounds Principles of Decontamination Decontamination Procedures Analytical Methods References Sodium Amide Destruction Procedure Related Compounds References Sterigmatocystin Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Sterigmatocystin Destruction of Sterigmatocystin in Aqueous Solution Destruction of Sterigmatocystin in Volatile Organic Solvents Destruction of Sterigmatocystin in Dimethyl Sulfoxide or N,N-Dimethylformamide Decontamination of Glassware Decontamination of Protective Clothing Decontamination of Spills Decontamination of Thin-Layer Chromatography Plates Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution References Sulfonyl Fluoride Enzyme Inhibitors Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of PMSF, AEBSF, or APMSF in Buffer Destruction of PMSF in Isopropanol or Dimethyl Sulfoxide Destruction of AEBSF in Isopropanol or Dimethyl Sulfoxide Destruction of APMSF in 1:1 Isopropanol:pH 3 Buffer or Dimethyl Sulfoxide Destruction of Bulk Quantities of PMSF Destruction of Bulk Quantities of AEBSF Destruction of Bulk Quantities of APMSF Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Sulfur-Containing Compounds Principle of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Methyl Disulfide, Carbon Disulfide, Thiophenol, and Sodium Sulfide Destruction of Ethyl Disulfide, Butyl Disulfide, Ethanethiol, and 1-Butanethiol Destruction Using Ozone Destruction Using the Photo-Fenton Reaction Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution Analytical Procedures Related Compounds and Related Procedures References T-2 Toxin and Other Tricothecenes Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Analytical Procedures Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution Preparation of Chlorine Dioxide Related Compounds References Tetrodotoxin Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Inactivation Using Sodium Hypochlorite Inactivation Using Sodium Hypochlorite and Sodium Hydroxide Analytical Procedures Assay of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution References Triacetone Triperoxide Principles of Destruction and Decontamination Destruction Procedures Destruction Using Tin(II) Chloride Destruction Using Methanesulfonic Acid Analytical Procedures Related Compounds References Uranyl Compounds Principle of Decontamination Decontamination Procedures Analytical Procedures Related Compounds and Related Procedures References DESTRUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS General Considerations Toxicity of Degradants Drug Stability Handling Hazardous Drugs Cleaning Processes Wiping Procedures FDA Disposal Recommendations Environmental Concerns Organization References Potassium Permanganate Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bleomycin, Etoposide, and Teniposide in Injectable Solutions Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin Destruction of Aqueous Solutions of Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin Destruction of Solid Pharmaceutical Preparations of Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin Destruction of Liquid Pharmaceutical Preparations of Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin Destruction of Solutions of Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin in Volatile Organic Solvents Destruction of Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solutions of Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin Decontamination of Glassware Contaminated with Doxorubicin or Daunorubicin Decontamination of Spills of Doxorubicin or Daunorubicin Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Melphalan Destruction of Cyclophosphamide in Urine Destruction of Cycloserine Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Dichloromethotrexate, Vincristine Sulfate, and Vinblastine Sulfate Destruction of Aqueous Solutions of Dichloromethotrexate, Vincristine Sulfate, and Vinblastine Sulfate Destruction of Pharmaceutical Preparations of Vincristine Sulfate and Vinblastine Sulfate Containing 1 mg of Compound, 1.275 mg of Methyl p-Hydroxybenzoate, 1.225 mg of Propyl p-Hydroxybenzoate, and 100 mg of Mannitol Destruction of Injectable Pharmaceutical Preparations of Dichloromethotrexate Containing 2–5% Glucose and 0.45% Saline Destruction of Solutions of Dichloromethotrexate, Vincristine Sulfate, and Vinblastine Sulfate in Volatile Organic Solvents Destruction of Dimethyl Sulfoxide or N,N-Dimethylformamide Solutions of Dichloromethotrexate, Vincristine Sulfate, and Vinblastine Sulfate Decontamination of Glassware Contaminated with Dichloromethotrexate, Vincristine Sulfate, and Vinblastine Sulfate Decontamination of Spills of Vincristine Sulfate and Vinblastine Sulfate Decontamination of Spills of Dichloromethotrexate Destruction of Procarbazine Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Methotrexate Destruction of Aqueous Solutions of Methotrexate Destruction of Injectable Pharmaceutical Preparations of Methotrexate Containing 2–5% Glucose and 0.45% Saline Destruction of Solutions of Methotrexate in Volatile Organic Solvents Destruction of Dimethyl Sulfoxide or N,N-Dimethylformamide Solutions of Methotrexate Decontamination of Glassware Contaminated with Methotrexate Decontamination of Spills of Methotrexate Destruction of Mitomycin C in Aqueous Solution Destruction of Bulk Quantities of 6-Thioguanine and 6-Mercaptopurine Destruction of Aqueous Solutions of 6-Thioguanine and 6-Mercaptopurine Destruction of Pharmaceutical Preparations of 6-Thioguanine and 6-Mercaptopurine Destruction of Solutions of 6-Thioguanine and 6-Mercaptopurine in Volatile Organic Solvents Destruction of Dimethyl Sulfoxide or N,N-Dimethylformamide Solutions of 6-Thioguanine and 6-Mercaptopurine Decontamination of Glassware Contaminated with 6-Thioguanine and 6-Mercaptopurine Decontamination of Spills of 6-Thioguanine and 6-Mercaptopurine Analytical Procedures Related Compounds Mutagenicity Assays References Nickel–Aluminum Alloy Reduction Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Chorozotocin, Lomustine, Melphalan, PCNU, Semustine, Spirohydantoin Mustard, and Uracil Mustard Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Mechlorethamine, Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, Dacarbazine, Iproniazid, Isoniazid, and Procarbazine Destruction of Pharmaceutical Preparations of Mechlorethamine, Melphalan, Cyclophosphamide, and Chlorambucil Destruction of Cyclophosphamide Tablets Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Carmustine Destruction of Pharmaceutical Preparations of Carmustine, Lomustine, and chlorozotocin Analytical Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References Fenton Reaction Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Related Compounds References Hydrogen Peroxide Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Pharmaceuticals Using Hydrogen Peroxide Related Compounds Mutagenicity Assays References Ozone Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Related Compounds References Ferrate References Persulfate Principles of Destruction References Hydrogen Peroxide and Horseradish Peroxidase Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Estrone, Estradiol, Estriol, or Ethinyl Estradiol Destruction of Tetracycline Related Compounds References Specific Degradation Procedures for ß-Lactams Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedure Related Compounds References Decontamination of Aqueous Solutions Principles of Destruction Decontamination of Aqueous Solutions of Pharmaceuticals Using Amberlite XAD-16 Decontamination of Aqueous Solutions of Pharmaceuticals Using Amberlite XAD-4/1090 Related Compounds References Miscellaneous Chemical Degradation Procedures Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction of Mechlorethamine and Chlorambucil Destruction of Streptozocin Destruction of Procarbazine Destruction of Aqueous Solutions of Methotrexate Decontamination of Spills of Methotrexate Destruction of Bulk Quantities of Cisplatin Destruction of Cisplatin in Aqueous Solutions and Injectable Pharmaceutical Preparations of 5% Dextrose or 0.9% Saline Destruction of Cisplatin in Organic Solvents Miscible with Water Destruction of Cisplatin in Urine Decontamination of Glassware Contaminated with Cisplatin Decontamination of Spills of Cisplatin Analytical Procedures for the Methods Described Above Other Miscellaneous Procedures Mutagenicity Assays Related Compounds References General Considerations for Photolytic Procedures General Organization References Photolysis Without Added Reactants (UV Only) Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction Using Photolysis Photolysis of Concentrated Solutions of Dacarbazine Other Photolytic Destruction Reactions Related Reactions Mutagenicity Assays References Photolysis with Hydrogen Peroxide (UV/H2O2) Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Destruction Using Photolysis Photolysis of Concentrated Solutions of Dacarbazine Other Photolytic Destruction Reactions Related Reactions Mutagenicity Assays References Photo-Fenton Reaction Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Related Compounds References Photolysis with Titanium Dioxide (UV/TiO2) Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Related Reactions References Photolysis with Zinc Oxide (UV/ZnO) Principles of Destruction Related Reactions References Photolysis with Ozone (UV/O3) Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Related Compounds References Photolysis with Persulfate (UV/Persulfate) Principles of Destruction Destruction Procedures Related reactions References Photolysis with Chlorine (UV/Cl2) Principles of Destruction Related Reactions References Miscellaneous Photolytic Procedures (UV/Miscellaneous) Principles of Destruction Related Reactions References PROCEDURES CLASSIFIED BY METHOD General Considerations References Potassium Permanganate Recommended Potassium Permanganate General Degradation Procedures Potassium Permanganate in 3 M Sulfuric Acid Potassium Permanganate in 1 M Sodium Hydroxide Solution Aqueous Solution of Potassium Permanganate Other Permanganate Oxidation Procedures References Fenton Reaction References Ozone References Persulfate Principles of Destruction References Miscellaneous Procedures References Photolysis Without Added Reactants (UV only) References Photolysis with Hydrogen Peroxide (UV/H2O2) References Photo-Fenton Reaction References Photolysis with Titanium Dioxide (UV/TiO2) References Photolysis with Zinc Oxide (UV/ZnO)} References Photolysis with Ozone (UV/O3) References Photolysis with Persulfate (UV/Persulfate) References Photolysis with Chlorine (UV/Cl2)} References Biologicals Bacteria Other Pathogens APPENDIXES Appendix I Procedures for Drying Organic Solvents References Appendix II Safety Considerations With Potassium Permanganate Reactions Reactions Involving 3 M Sulfuric Acid Reactions Involving 1 M Sodium Hydroxide and Water Conclusions Recommended Degradation Procedures Potassium Permanganate in 3 M Sulfuric Acid Potassium Permanganate in 1 M Sodium Hydroxide Solution Aqueous Solution of Potassium Permanganate References CROSS-INDEX OF NAMES FOR DYES AND BIOLOGICAL STAINS CROSS-INDEX OF METHODS USED FOR SPECIFIC DYES AND BIOLOGICAL STAINS CROSS-INDEX OF METHODS USED FOR PHARMACEUTICALS Name Index EULA