Materials for Lightweight Constructions

Description

This book presents the key concepts and methods involved in the development of a variety of materials for lightweight constructions, including metals, alloys, polymers and composites. It provides case studies and examples to explain strategies adapted for specific applications of the materials and covers traditional to advanced manufacturing concepts of lightweight materials, including 3D printing. It also illustrates the fundamentals and usability of biodegradable materials for achieving a greener environment, as well as possibilities of green manufacturing. Covers the fundamentals of a range of materials used for lightweight constructions Discusses fabrication and testing of materials Addresses relevant concepts of 3D printing and biodegradable materials Explores analysis of the failure mechanism of materials used in various applications Identifies the applicability of materials to a variety of situations Materials for Lightweight Constructions will suit researchers and graduate students in materials science, mechanical engineering, construction and composites. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Foreword Editors Contributors Chapter 1: Introduction to lightweight materials 1.1 Overview of materials 1.2 Importance of lightweight materials 1.3 Lightweight materials in the twenty-first century 1.3.1 Metal alloys 1.3.2 Composites 1.3.3 Polymers 1.4 Opportunities for new materials and research 1.5 Industry revolution towards materials and structures 1.6 Applications References Chapter 2: Metals and alloys for lightweight automotive structures 2.1 Needs of metals and alloys in automotive area 2.2 Demand for weight reduction 2.3 Material selection 2.3.1 Aluminum 2.3.2 Magnesium 2.3.3 Advanced high strength steel (AHSS) 2.3.4 Titanium 2.4 Applications 2.4.1 Aluminum applications 2.4.2 Magnesium applications 2.4.3 AHSS applications 2.4.4 Titanium applications References Chapter 3: Polymers for structural applications 3.1 Natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers 3.2 Synthetic fiber as reinforcement in polymers 3.3 Particulate and filler as reinforcement in polymers 3.4 Issues with polymers in composite materials 3.5 Applications 3.6 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Chemical property and characteristics of polymer 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers 4.2.1 Treatments of natural fibers 4.2.2 Coconut, kelp, and jute fibers in mortars 4.2.3 Sugarcane bagasse 4.3 Synthetic fiber as reinforcement in polymers 4.3.1 Polypropylene fiber polymer (PP) 4.3.2 Polyethylene fiber polymer (PE) 4.3.3 Acrylics (PAN) 4.3.4 Carbon fibers 4.3.5 Polyesters (PES) 4.3.6 Aramid fibers 4.3.7 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers 4.3.8 Polyamide fibers (PA) 4.4 Hybrid fibers 4.5 Particulate and filler as reinforcements in polymers 4.5.1 Particulate filler used by polymer type 4.5.2 Natural and organic mineral-based particulate fillers 4.5.3 Synthetic particulate fillers 4.5.4 Nanofillers 4.6 Issues with polymers 4.7 Applications 4.7.1 Uses of fiber composite polymer materials in construction 4.7.2 Applications in other fields 4.8 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Mechanical testing and its performance 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Mechanical properties 5.2.1 Tensile testing 5.2.2 Impact testing 5.2.3 Hardness testing 5.2.4 Compressive strength testing 5.2.5 Flexural strength testing 5.3 Fatigue and creep 5.4 Wear and erosion study 5.5 Failure analysis 5.5.1 Progressive failure by maximum stress criterion 5.5.2 Tsai-Wu failure 5.6 Microstructure effects 5.7 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Green manufacturing and environment 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Recycling and reuse 6.3 Comparative analysis with different materials 6.3.1 Aluminum 6.3.2 Paper 6.3.3 Plastic 6.4 Life-cycle assessment 6.4.1 General description 6.4.2 Example 6.5 Case study: green manufacturing in the Czech Republic 6.5.1 Conditions of the Czech Republic 6.5.2 Parametric considerations 6.6 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Lightweight 3D-printed materials 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Need and considerations of 3D-printed parts 7.3 Design parameters 7.3.1 Size 7.3.2 Resolution 7.3.3 Wall thickness 7.3.4 Orientation 7.3.5 Choice of material and design balance 7.4 Manufacturing process for metals and polymers 7.4.1 Steps in the AM process 7.4.2 Types of the AM process 7.5 Applications 7.6 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Biodegradable materials 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Biocomposites 8.2.1 Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) 8.2.2 General characteristics of NFRPCs 8.3 Processing techniques 8.3.1 Hand lay-up 8.3.2 Compression molding 8.3.3 Injection molding 8.3.4 Resin transfer molding (RTM) 8.3.5 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) 8.3.6 Filament winding 8.3.7 Pultrusion 8.4 Impact of environmental parameters on NFRPCs 8.5 Applications 8.5.1 Automotive 8.5.2 Aerospace 8.5.3 Constructions 8.5.4 Other applications 8.6 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Sustainable composites for lightweight applications 9.1 Introduction to sustainable composites 9.2 Sustainable natural fiber reinforcements and their morphological structures 9.2.1 Hemp fiber 9.2.2 Sisal fiber 9.2.3 Flax fiber 9.3 Design and manufacturing process of biocomposites 9.3.1 Eco-design and sustainability 9.3.2 Design for environment 9.3.3 Design for manufacture 9.4 Sustainability techniques for property enhancement 9.4.1 Improvement of reinforcements and matrices through various treatments and fillers 9.4.1.1 Chemical treatments 9.4.1.2 Physical treatments 9.4.2 Hybridization 9.4.2.1 Intra-ply hybridization 9.5 Future outlooks and challenges 9.5.1 Journey of composite materials towards sustainability 9.5.2 Market outlook and supply chain scenario 9.5.3 Future outlook References Chapter 10: Data-driven optimization of manufacturing processes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Importance of modeling and optimization 10.3 Soft computing approaches 10.3.1 Artificial neural network (ANN) 10.3.2 Full factorial method 10.3.3 Response surface methodology 10.3.4 Technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) 10.4 Optimization of manufacturing process 10.5 Case study 10.5.1 Wear test apparatus 10.5.2 Wear test parameters 10.5.3 Experimental results 10.5.4 Taguchi analysis 10.6 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Conclusion and challenges 11.1 Pros and cons of lightweight materials 11.1.1 High strength steel 11.1.2 Aluminum and its alloy 11.1.3 Carbon fiber composites 11.1.4 Magnesium and its alloy 11.1.5 Polymer composite materials 11.2 Challenges of making lightweight materials 11.2.1 Challenges faced in Advanced High Strength Steel 11.2.2 Challenges faced in aluminum and its alloy 11.2.3 Challenges faced in polymer composites 11.3 Opportunities for research and development 11.3.1 Industry insights 11.3.2 Product insights 11.3.3 Application insights 11.3.4 Lightweight materials market share insights 11.4 Scope for advanced lightweight materials 11.4.1 Advanced lightweight materials market size and segment forecast, 2019–2026 11.4.2 Product analysis 11.4.3 End-use analysis 11.4.4 Regional analysis 11.4.5 The future scope of aluminum alloys 11.4.6 The future scope of high-speed steel 11.4.7 Advanced composite materials 11.5 Recommendations and conclusion References Index