Internal Medicine: An Illustrated Radiological Guide

Description

This very well-received book, now in its second edition, equips the radiologist with the information needed in order to diagnose internal medicine disorders and their complications from the radiological perspective. It offers an easy-to-consult tool that documents the most common and most important radiological signs of a wide range of diseases, across diverse specialties, with the aid of an excellent gallery of images and illustrations. Compared with the first edition, numerous additions and updates have been made, with coverage of additional disorders and inclusion of many new images. Entirely new chapters focus on occupational medicine and toxicology imaging, chiropractic medicine, and energy and quantum medicine. Internal Medicine – An Illustrated Radiological Guide puts the radiologist in the internal medicine physician’s shoes. It teaches radiologists how to think in terms of disease progression and complications, explains where to look for and to image these complications, and identifies the best modalities for reaching a diagnosis. It will also benefit internal medicine physicians by clarifying the help that radiology can offer them and assisting in the choice of investigation for diagnostic confirmation. Preface Contents 1: Gastroenterology 1.1 Liver Cirrhosis Types of Liver Cirrhosis 1.2 Fatty Liver Disease (Liver Steatosis) Types of Liver Steatosis 1.3 Recurrent Epigastric Pain Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Peptic Ulcer Disease Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (Wilkie’s Syndrome) Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome (Celiac Trunk Compression Syndrome/Dunbar’s Syndrome) Recurrent Abdominal Pain of Childhood 1.4 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Crohn’s Disease Extraintestinal Manifestations of CD Ulcerative Colitis Extraintestinal Manifestations of UC Differences Between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 1.5 Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage 1.6 Pancreatitis Acute Pancreatitis Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Chronic Pancreatitis 1.7 Jaundice Kernicterus Obstructive Jaundice Bile Plug Syndrome Infectious Ascending Cholangitis Choledochal Web 1.8 Diarrhea and Malabsorption Normal Anatomy Pathophysiology Common Causes of Diarrhea and Their Mechanism of Action Sprue Whipple’s Disease (Intestinal Lipodystrophy) VIPoma (Werner–Morris Syndrome/Pancreatic Cholera) 2: Neurology 2.1 Stroke (Brain Infarction) Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 2.2 Stroke Diseases and Syndromes Moyamoya Disease (Progressive Occlusive Arteritis) Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukodystrophy) Diagnostic Criteria for CADASIL MELAS (Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes) Cortical Laminar Necrosis Man-in-the-Barrel Syndrome Locked-In Syndrome Brain Stem Infarction Syndromes Subclavian Steal Syndrome 2.3 Intracranial Hemorrhage Epidural Hematoma Subdural Hematoma Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Intracerebral/Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage Intraventricular Hemorrhage Hemorrhage into Malignancy 2.4 Meningitis Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 2.5 Encephalitis Limbic Encephalitis Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Hashimoto’s Encephalitis Rasmussen Encephalitis (Rasmussen Syndrome) Criteria to Diagnose Rasmussen Encephalitis Measles Encephalitis Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) Japanese Encephalitis West Nile Encephalitis Tick-Borne Encephalitis (Spring–Summer Encephalitis) Murray Valley Encephalitis St. Louis Encephalitis Encephalitis Lethargica 2.6 Epilepsy Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 2.7 Headache Migraine Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension (Schaltenbrand Syndrome) Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri) Temporal (Giant) Cell Arteritis 2.8 Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases Multiple Sclerosis The Concept of Diffusion Tensor MR Imaging Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic’s Syndrome) Marburg’s Type MS Baló Concentric Sclerosis Schilder’s Disease (Diffuse Myelinoclastic Sclerosis) Susac’s Syndrome Guillain–Barré Syndrome Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 2.9 Parkinsonism Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 2.10 Dementia Alzheimer’s Disease Vascular Dementia Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (Pick’s Disease) Dementia with Lewy Bodies Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (Steele–Richardson–Olszewski Syndrome) Multiple System Atrophy (Shy–Drager Syndrome) Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy (Binswanger’s Disease) Prion Disease 2.11 Huntington’s Disease Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 2.12 Heat Stroke (Pancerebellar Syndrome) 2.13 Aphasia Neural Control of Speech Aphasia Pathophysiology and Subtypes Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 2.14 Squint (Strabismus) Neural Control of Ocular Muscles Pathophysiology Related Disorders 2.15 Nystagmus Neural Control of Eye Movement Nystagmus Subtypes 2.16 Erectile Dysfunction Neural Control Human Sexual Behavior Pathophysiology Erectile Dysfunction Differential Diagnoses 3: Endocrinology and Metabolism 3.1 Graves’ Disease (Hyperthyroidism) 3.2 Hyperparathyroidism Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 3.3 Growth Hormone Diseases Growth Hormone Insufficiency (Hypopituitarism) Acromegaly and Gigantism Growth Hormone Insensitivity (Laron Syndrome) Carney’s Complex 3.4 Osteoporosis Primary Osteoporosis Secondary Osteoporosis Regional Migratory Osteoporosis of the Hip (Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome) 3.5 Rickets and Osteomalacia Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 3.6 Scurvy 3.7 Fluorosis 3.8 Lead Poisoning (Plumbism) 3.9 Adrenal Glands Abnormalities Cushing’s Syndrome Conn’s Syndrome (Hyperaldosteronism) Addison’s Disease Pheochromocytoma Neuroblastoma X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors 3.10 Sex Hormone Abnormalities Polycystic Ovary Disease (Stein–Leventhal Syndrome) Precocious Puberty Van Wyk and Grumbach Syndrome Gynecomastia Intersex Disorders Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 3.11 Sheehan Syndrome (Postpartum Hypopituitarism) 4: Nephrology 4.1 Hypertension Renal Artery Stenosis The Normal Renal Artery Waveform Parameters Coarctation of the Aorta Polyarteritis Nodosa Takayasu Arteritis Criteria for TA Diagnosis (TA Diagnosis Requires at Least Three Criteria) Midaortic Syndrome Preeclampsia Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (Hypertensive Encephalopathy) Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney) Riley–Day Syndrome (Familial Dysautonomia) Stafne’s Bone Defect of the Mandible Hypertensive Heart Disease 4.2 Polycystic Kidney Disease Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease Acquired Polycystic Kidney Disease Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 4.3 Renal Failure Examples of Renal Parenchymal Disorders According to Their Anatomical Involvement 5: Cardiology 5.1 Acute Chest Pain Acute Coronary Syndrome Acute Pulmonary Embolism Aortic Dissection Aortic Dissection Is Classified According to the Stanford and Debakey Classifications Stanford Classification Debakey Classification Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Aortic Intramural Hematoma Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer 5.2 Diseases of the Great Vessels Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Pulmonary Hypertension Causes of PHT Coral Reef Aorta Superior Vena Cava Syndrome 5.3 Myocardial Diseases (Cardiomyopathies) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Dilated Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy (Spongy Myocardium) Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (Cardiomyopathy of Pregnancy) 5.4 Endocarditis Infective Endocarditis Major Criteria Minor Criteria Löffler’s Endocarditis (Eosinophilic Endomyocardial Disease) Marantic Endocarditis (Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis) 5.5 Pericardial Diseases Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 6: Rheumatology 6.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 6.2 Ankylosing Spondylitis (Marie–Strümpell Disease) Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 6.3 Gout Arthritis Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 6.4 CPPD and HADD Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease Hydroxyapatite Crystal Deposition Disease Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 6.5 Osteoarthritis 6.6 Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 6.7 Baastrup’s Disease (Spinout Process Impingement Syndrome) 6.8 Scheuermann’s Disease (Juvenile Kyphosis Dorsalis) Criteria for Scheuermann’s Disease Diagnosis 6.9 Sjögren Syndrome (Myoepithelial Sialadenitis) Criteria to Diagnose SS Include 6.10 Behçet Disease Clinical Criteria to Diagnose BD Require a Combination of Three or More of the Following Findings 6.11 Sharp Syndrome (Mixed Connective Tissue Disease) 6.12 Relapsing Polychondritis Diagnostic Criteria for Relapsing Polychondritis Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 6.13 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy 6.14 Polymyalgia Rheumatica 6.15 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 7: Pulmonology 7.1 Pleural Diseases Pleural Effusion Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Pneumothorax Pleural Calcification 7.2 Alveolar Lung Diseases Types of Alveolar Lung Diseases Pulmonary Edema How to Differentiate Between Cardiogenic Edema from ARDS on Plain Chest Radiographs? Pneumonia Types of Pneumonias Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 7.3 Atelectasis (Lung Collapse) Types of Pulmonary Atelectases 7.4 Sarcoidosis Pulmonary Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis Has Five Radiological Grades on Plain Chest Radiograph Hepatic, Splenic, and Gastric Sarcoidosis Dermatological Sarcoidosis Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Cardiac Sarcoidosis Neurosarcoid Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Musculoskeletal Sarcoidosis Head and Neck Sarcoidosis Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Genitourinary Sarcoidosis 7.5 Emphysema 7.6 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (Hamman–Rich Syndrome) 7.7 Histiocytoses Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome Omenn Syndrome Chédiak–Higashi Disease Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Rosai–Dorfman’s Disease (Sinus Histiocytosis) Xanthoma Disseminatum (Montgomery Syndrome) Erdheim–Chester Disease (Lipogranulomatosis) How Can You Differentiate ECD from HSCD? 7.8 Hemoptysis Bronchopulmonary Sequestration Anomalous Systemic Artery Supplying Normal Lung Parenchyma Pulmonary Vasculitis Cardiac Bronchus Dieulafoy Disease 7.9 Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis) Pulmonary Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis Nasal and Sinus Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis Gastrointestinal (GI) Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis Genitourinary Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis 7.10 Sleep Apnea Syndromes Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome OSAS and Obesity OSAS and Endocrine–Metabolic Abnormalities OSAS and Cardiovascular Diseases Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome Central Alveolar Apnea Syndrome (Ondine’s Curse) Cheyne–Stokes Respiration Uncommon and Rare Causes of Sleep Apnea 8: Dermatology 8.1 Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis) Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 8.2 Lipoid Proteinosis (Urbach–Wiethe Disease) 8.3 Dermatomyositis 8.4 Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria) 8.5 Lymphedema Causes of Primary Lymphedemas Causes of Secondary Lymphedemas Differential Diagnoses of Lymphedema 8.6 Neuropathic Itch (Pruritus) Neural Control Pruritus Differential Diagnoses of Neuropathic Itch 9: Hematology 9.1 Hemosiderosis and Hemochromatosis Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 9.2 β-Thalassemia Major (Cooley’s Anemia) 9.3 Sickle Cell Disease The Lungs in SCD The Skeletal System in SCD Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases The Brain in SCD The Spleen in SCD 9.4 Pernicious Anemia 9.5 Hemophilia Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 9.6 Lymphomas Cotswold Staging of Lymphoma Criteria for Therapy Response Assessment Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 9.7 Leukemia Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia 9.8 Multiple Myeloma (Kahler’s Disease) 9.9 Amyloidosis Classification of Amyloidosis (Clinical-Based Classification) 9.10 Evans’ Syndrome 9.11 Other Lymphatic Disorders Castleman’s Disease (Angiofollicular Lymph Node Hyperplasia) Kikuchi–Fujimoto Disease (Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis) Kimura’s Disease 9.12 Mastocytosis 9.13 Myelofibrosis and Myeloid Metaplasia 10: Diabetology 10.1 Diabetic Hand and Diabetic Foot Diabetic Angiopathy Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Osteopathy, and Infections Diabetic Myonecrosis Diabetic Skin Changes and Infections The Role of Doppler Sonography in DM Spectral Flow Abnormalities on Doppler Scan of the Lower Limbs The Role of MRI in DM Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 10.2 Diabetic Brain and Nervous System 10.3 Diabetic Syndromes Alström Syndrome Ophthalmologic Clinical Findings Auditory Clinical Findings Metabolic and General Clinical Findings Renal Clinical Findings Dermatological Clinical Findings Bardet–Biedl Syndrome Leprechaunism (Donohue Syndrome) Prader–Willi Syndrome Wolcott–Rallison Syndrome Wolfram Syndrome (DIDMOAD) Ophthalmologic Clinical Findings Auditory Clinical Findings Metabolic and General Clinical Findings Renal Clinical Findings Neurological Clinical Findings Rabson–Mendenhall Syndrome Metabolic and General Clinical Findings Renal Clinical Findings Dermatological Clinical Findings 10.4 Diabetes Insipidus 10.5 Obesity, Gastric Banding, and Liposuction Hormonal Obesity Syndromic/Pathologic Obesity Drug-Induced Obesity Evaluation of Fat Within the Body Quantitative Assessment of Visceral Fat by US Quantitative Assessment of Visceral Fat by CT and MRI Gastric Banding Liposuction 10.6 Lipoatrophic–Lipodystrophic Syndromes Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy (Seip–Berardinelli Syndrome) Familial Partial Lipodystrophy (Dunnigan–Kobberling Syndrome) Mandibuloacral Dysplasia Acquired Generalized Lipoatrophy (Lawrence–Seip Syndrome) Acquired Partial Lipoatrophy (Barraquer–Simons Syndrome) Parry–Romberg Syndrome (Progressive Facial Hemiatrophy) 10.7 Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetic Nephropathy Renal Papillary Necrosis Diabetic Cystopathy (Neurogenic Bladder) Calcification of the Vas Deferens Emphysematous Cystitis Emphysematous Pyelonephritis Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis 10.8 Lipomatosis Intestinal Lipomatosis Pelvic Lipomatosis Epidural Lipomatosis Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis Syndrome (Haberland Syndrome) Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the Interatrial Septum 10.9 Hypoglycemia Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 11: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine 11.1 Fever 11.2 Giardiasis Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 11.3 Amebiasis Intestinal Amebiasis Hepatic Amebiasis Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Thoracic Amebiasis Brain Amebiasis 11.4 Leprosy (Hansen Disease) Skin Involvement Nerve Involvement Eye Involvement Mucosal Involvement Bone Involvement Post-therapy Leprosy 11.5 Toxoplasmosis 11.6 Brucellosis (Malta Fever) 11.7 Neurocysticercosis 11.8 Ascariasis Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 11.9 Guinea Worm Disease (Dracunculiasis) 11.10 Hydatid Cyst (Echinococcosis) Echinococcus granulosus Disease Grading of the Liver Lesions by E. granulosus Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Echinococcus alveolaris Disease 11.11 Chagas’ Disease (American Trypanosoma) Acute Chagas’ Disease ECG Abnormalities Subacute Chagas’ Disease Latent Chagas’ Disease Chronic Chagas’ Disease 11.12 Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) Schistosoma Life Cycle Schistosomiasis by S. japonicum Schistosomiasis by S. mansoni Schistosomiasis by S. haematobium Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 11.13 Tuberculosis Pulmonary TB Pleural TB Miliary TB Abdominal TB Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Hepatic TB Central Nervous System TB Genitourinary TB Musculoskeletal TB Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Tuberculous Lymphadenitis Dermatological TB 11.14 Typhoid Fever (Salmonellosis) 11.15 Malaria Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 11.16 Animal Bites and Stings Rabies Viper Bite Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases Hymenoptera Stings 11.17 Filariasis 11.18 Most Common Infections Causing Human Filariasis 11.19 Fever of Unknown Origin 12: Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 12.1 Medications Toxicity Antibiotics Metformin (Glucophage, Oral Hypoglycemics) Methotrexate Hypervitaminosis A Anticonvulsants Amiodarone Toxicity Cyclosporine A Glucocorticoids Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media 12.2 Drugs of Abuse Cocaine and Heroin (Opioids) Cocaine Effect on Different Body Systems Alcohol Toluene Toxicity Methanol Toxicity Amphetamines Abuse Marijuana Butane Poisoning 12.3 Gases, Inorganic, and Chemical Poisoning Arsenic Poisoning Mercury Poisoning Chronic Beryllium Disease (Berylliosis) Pneumoconiosis Insecticides and Rodenticides Poisoning Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Manganese Poisoning Thallium Poisoning (Thallotoxicosis) Methyl Bromide Poisoning Tattoos 12.4 Botanical, Environmental, and Organic Poisoning Hypersensitivity Lung Diseases (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis) Cyanide Poisoning Botulism 12.5 Drug-Induced Radiological Changes 13: Chiropractic Medicine 13.1 The Human Fascia 13.2 Vertebral Malalignment (Subluxation) Syndromes Anatomy Somatovisceral Malalignment Symptoms 13.3 Imaging Signs 13.4 Facet Joint Syndrome Basic Anatomy Pathophysiology 13.5 Imaging Signs 13.6 Myofascial Pain Syndrome Anatomy Pathophysiology Some Known Symptomatology of Myofascial Trigger Points Origin 13.7 Imaging of a Case Study 13.8 Spinal Transitional Zone Syndromes Basic Anatomy Pathophysiology Cervico-Occipital Transitional Zone Syndrome Cervicothoracic Transitional Zone Syndrome Thoracolumbar Transitional Zone Syndrome 13.9 Imaging Signs Lumbosacral Transitional Zone Syndrome 13.10 Imaging Signs 13.11 The Dentate Ligament–Cord Distortion Phenomenon 13.12 Imaging Signs 13.13 Cervicogenic Headache Anatomy Pathophysiology 13.14 Imaging Signs 13.15 Cervicogenic Vertigo and Tinnitus Anatomy Pathophysiology 13.16 Imaging Signs 13.17 Whiplash-Associated Disorder Basic Anatomy Pathophysiology 13.18 Imaging Signs 13.19 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Basic Anatomy Pathophysiology 13.20 Imaging Signs 13.21 Upper and Lower Crossed Syndromes 13.22 Imaging Signs 13.23 Lumbago 13.24 Imaging Signs 13.25 Shin Splint Syndrome 13.26 Imaging Signs 13.27 Cuboid Syndrome 13.28 Imaging Signs 13.29 Scoliosis, Kyphosis, and Lordosis 13.30 Imaging Signs 13.31 Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction Basic Anatomy Pathophysiology 13.32 Imaging Signs 13.33 Psoas Syndrome Basic Anatomy Pathophysiology 13.34 Imaging Signs 13.35 Piriformis Muscle Syndrome Basic Anatomy Pathophysiology 13.36 Imaging Signs 13.37 Coccydynia Anatomy Pathophysiology 13.38 Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases 13.39 Imaging Signs 14: Energy Medicine 14.1 Microcurrent Therapy Basic Electrical Healing Physiology Microcurrent Therapy Benefits Microcurrent Therapy Healing Mechanisms Microcurrent Healing Cases 14.2 Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) and Body Metabolism PEMF Therapy Healing Cases Further Reading Microcurrent Therapy Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Therapy Index