Neuroscience for the Study of Communicative Disorders

Description

Neuroscience for the Study of Communicative Disorders, Fourth Edition remains an ideal resource that teaches neuroscience fundamentals without encyclopedic details of anatomy and physiology. This text takes a step-by-step, simplified approach, and contains relevant information in its application of neuroscience for students and practitioners in speech-language pathology and audiology--making it the perfect text! Completely updated throughout, the Fourth Edition reflects the most recent findings and clinical applications. Neuroscience for the Study of Communicative Disorders Contents CHAPTER 1: Essential Neurological Concepts and Principles LEARNING OBJECTIVES RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEUROSCIENCE AND SPEECH– LANGUAGE–HEARING PATHOLOGY Domain of Neuroscience Domain of SLP Need for Training in Neuroscience Nature of Training in Neuroscience Benefits of Training in Neuroscience SCOPE OF NEUROSCIENCE Neurology Neurosurgery Neuroanatomy Neuroradiology Neuroembryology Neurophysiology Neuropathology PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE HUMAN BRAIN Interconnectivity in the Brain Centrality of the Central Nervous System Hierarchy in Neuraxial Organization Laterality of Brain Organization Functional Networking Topographical Representation Plasticity in the Brain Culturally Neutral Brain ORIENTATION TO TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY Directional Brain Orientation Planes of Brain Section Terms Related to Limb Movement Terms Related to Muscles Terms Related to Neuroanatomical Structures Terms Related to the Neuronal Structures Terminology of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems STRUCTURES OF THE CNS NERVOUS SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION CELLULAR CORTEX Neuron Types Layered Cerebral Cortex TECHNIQUES FOR LEARNING NEUROSCIENCE Simplification of Technical Terminology Visual Approach to Learning Clinical Orientation to Neuroscience Functional Context for Learning Deductive Reasoning and Problem Solving Neurological Indicators Lesion Localization CLINICAL CORRELATES SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 2: Gross Anatomy of the Central Nervous System LEARNING OBJECTIVES CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN Telencephalon Diencephalon Brainstem Cerebellum Spinal Cord VENTRICLES Lateral Ventricles Third Ventricle Fourth Ventricle CORTICAL WHITE MATTER Projection Fibers Association Fibers Commissural Fibers MENINGES OF THE BRAIN Dura Mater Arachnoid Membrane Pia Mater MENINGES OF THE SPINAL CORD Spinal Dura Mater Spinal Arachnoid Membrane Spinal Pia Mater CRANIAL NERVES Nomenclature Functions AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CLINICAL CORRELATES Lesion Localization SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 3: Internal Anatomy of the Central Nervous System LEARNING OBJECTIVES ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS Shapes of Corticospinal Fibers Shape of the Ventricular Cavities SPINAL CORD IN CROSS SECTIONS Sacral Section Lumbar Section Thoracic Section Cervical Section BRAINSTEM IN TRANSVERSE SECTIONS Medulla Oblongata Pons Midbrain Midbrain–Diencephalon Junction FOREBRAIN IN CORONAL SECTIONS Coronal Section through the Posterior Thalamus Coronal Section through the Midthalamus Coronal Section through the Anterior Thalamus Coronal Section through the Anterior Commissure Coronal Section through the Caudate Head Coronal Section through the Anterior Horn FOREBRAIN IN HORIZONTAL SECTIONS SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 4: Development of the Nervous System LEARNING OBJECTIVES HUMAN CHROMOSOMES, GENES, AND CELL DIVISION Abnormalities in Chromosome Number Genes and Genome Cell Division EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Gametogenesis Fertilization and the First Week of Development Second Week of Development Third Week of Development THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Neural Plate, Neural Tube, and Neural Crest Brain Spinal Cord THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Normal Development CLINICAL CORRELATES Abnormal Development of the CNS Developmental Disabilities Abnormal Development of the PNS SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 5: Nerve Cell Physiology LEARNING OBJECTIVES NEURON Nerve Cell Structure Nerve Cell Types Neuroglial Cells CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS NEURONAL PRUNING AND SYNAPSE ESTABLISHMENT NERVE IMPULSE Nerve Excitability Action Potential Conduction NEURONAL RESPONSES TO BRAIN INJURIES Axonal Reaction Wallerian Degeneration Neuroglial Responses Axonal Regeneration in the PNS Axonal Regeneration in the CNS NEUROTRANSMITTERS Acetylcholine Monoamines Peptides CLINICAL CORRELATES Brain Tumors DISEASES SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 6: Diencephalon: Thalamus and Associated Structures LEARNING OBJECTIVES GROSS ANATOMY OF THE DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS Thalamic Structure Anatomical Connections and Functions of Thalamic Nuclei Additional Nuclei in the Thalamus EPITHALAMUS SUBTHALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE THALAMUS CLINICAL CORRELATES Thalamic Syndrome SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 7: Cerebrovascular System LEARNING OBJECTIVES VASCULAR NETWORK Cerebrovascular Supply Circle of Willis Blood Supply to Spinal Cord Collateral Circulation Vascular Pathology ISCHEMIA RISK FACTORS VENOUS SINUS SYSTEM Dural Sinuses Cerebral Veins CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW REGULATION CLINICAL CORRELATES Treatment of Vascular Diseases Blood–Brain Barrier Lesion Localization SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 8: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid LEARNING OBJECTIVES CHOROID PLEXUS Cerebrospinal Fluid Volume CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CIRCULATION ABSORPTION OF THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CLINICAL CORRELATES Circulatory Disorders Treatment Diagnostic Significance of Cerebrospinal Fluid SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 9: Auditory System LEARNING OBJECTIVES SOUND AND PROPERTIES ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Transmission of Sound Inner Ear Neural Coding of Auditory Information Retrocochlear Auditory Mechanism CENTRAL AUDITORY PATHWAYS Cochlear Nuclear Complex Cochlear Nuclear Projections Superior Olivary Nucleus Lateral Lemniscus Inferior Colliculus Medial Geniculate Body Primary and Auditory Association Cortex AUDITORY REFLEXES VASCULAR SUPPLY TO THE AUDITORY MECHANISM DISTINCTIVE PROPERTIES OF AUDITORY SYSTEM Bilateral Auditory Representation Tonotopic Representation Sound Source Localization Descending Auditory Projections CLINICAL CORRELATES Hearing Impairments Evaluation of Hearing Disorders SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 10: Vestibular System LEARNING OBJECTIVES ANATOMY OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Semicircular Ducts and Vestibular Sacs Vestibular Nerve and Nuclei Vascular Supply to the Membranous Labyrinthine Vestibular Projections CONTROLLING EYE MOVEMENTS Vestibular Control of Conjugate Eye Movement Cortical Mechanism for Controlling Voluntary Eye Movement PHYSIOLOGY OF EQUILIBRIUM Dynamic Equilibrium Sensation of Rotation Static Equilibrium Nystagmus Induced Nystagmus CLINICAL CORRELATES Motion Sickness Vertigo Labyrinth Dysfunction Benign Positional Vertigo SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 11: Somatosensory System LEARNING OBJECTIVES SOMATOSENSATION Basis for Clinical Information Types of Sensation Specialized Receptors Three-Neuron Organization Innervation Pattern Spinal Anatomic Division SENSORY PATHWAYS FOR THE HEAD AND FACE Three-Neuron Organization Discriminative Touch from Face and Head Pain and Temperature Pathway from Face and Head Diffuse Touch from Face UNCONSCIOUS PROPRIOCEPTION Innervation Pattern CLINICAL CORRELATES Lesion Localization SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 12: Visual System LEARNING OBJECTIVES ANATOMY OF THE EYE Eyeball Retina VASCULAR SUPPLY OF THE RETINA RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR FUNCTIONING Spectral Sensitivity Color Vision Dark Adaptation OPTICAL MECHANISM Refraction Lens Types Optical Functioning of the Eye Retinal Image Formation CENTRAL VISUAL PATHWAYS Retinal Representation of Visual Fields Retinal Representation to Optic Chiasm Retinal Representation to the Lateral Geniculate Body Retinal Representation to the Visual Cortex Primary Visual Cortex VISUAL CORTEX DEVELOPMENT VISUAL REFLEXES Pupillary Light Reflex Lens Accommodation Reflex CLINICAL CORRELATES Errors of Refraction Disorders of Color Vision Visual Acuity Assessment Visual Field Defects Primary and Association Visual Cortices Lesion Localization SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 13: Motor System 1: Spinal Cord LEARNING OBJECTIVES HIERARCHY OF MOTOR FUNCTION SPINAL PREPARATION INNERVATION PATTERN ANATOMICAL MARKINGS Internal Anatomy Segmental Organization Motor Unit TRACTS OF THE SPINAL CORD Descending Tracts Ascending Tracts MOTOR NUCLEI OF THE SPINAL CORD α-Motor Neurons γ-Motor Neurons Interneurons MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD Muscle Spindles and Motor Activity Movement Initiation SPINAL REFLEXES Stretch Reflex Withdrawal or Flexor Reflex Crossed, or Intrasegmental, Extensor Reflex Spinal Regulation of Muscles for Respiration NEUROTRANSMITTERS CLINICAL CORRELATES Altered Reflexes Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome Common Spinal Syndromes Lesion Localization SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 14: Motor System 2: Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES CEREBELLAR ROLE IN MOVEMENT INNERVATION PATTERN CEREBELLAR ANATOMY Transverse and Longitudinal Cerebellar Regions Cerebellar Peduncles CEREBELLAR CORTEX Structure Circuitry of a Cerebellar Functional Unit Nature of Output MOTOR LEARNING CLINICAL CORRELATES Signs of Cerebellar Dysfunction Cerebellar Pathologies SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 15: Motor System 3: Basal Ganglia LEARNING OBJECTIVES BASAL GANGLIA MOTOR FUNCTIONS Innervation Pattern Basal Ganglia Anatomy Basal Ganglia Circuitry Physiology of Basal Ganglia Circuitry Basal Ganglia Neurotransmitters CLINICAL CORRELATES Signs of Basal Ganglia Dysfunction Basal Ganglia Diseases Basal Ganglia and Higher Mental Disorders Basal Ganglia and Psychiatric Disorders SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 16: Motor System 4: Motor Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES ANATOMY OF MOTOR CORTEX Innervation Pattern TERMS RELATED TO MOTOR FUNCTION DESCENDING PATHWAYS Corticospinal Tract Corticonuclear/Corticobulbar Tract CLINICAL CORRELATES Differential Involvement of the Arm and Leg after Cerebral Lesion Spastic Hemiplegia Pseudobulbar Palsy Alternating Hemiplegia Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome Lesion Localization SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 17: Synopsis of Cranial Nerves LEARNING OBJECTIVES EVOLUTIONARY BASE OF CRANIAL NERVES FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRANIAL NERVES Efferent Afferent BRANCHIAL ORIGIN OF SPEECH-RELATED MUSCLES CRANIAL NERVES AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI Midbrain Pons Medulla PATHWAYS Motor or Efferent Pathways Sensory or Afferent Pathways INNERVATION PATTERN SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTIONS OF CRANIAL NERVES Olfactory Nerve Optic Nerve Oculomotor Nerve Trochlear Nerve Abducens Nerve Trigeminal Nerve Facial Nerve Vestibulocochlear Nerve Glossopharyngeal Nerve Vagus Nerve Spinal Accessory Nerve Hypoglossal Nerve FUNCTION-BASED CRANIAL NERVE COMBINATIONS Motor Control of Eye Muscles Sensory Nerve Supply to Tongue Motor Nerve Supply to the Soft Palate and Pharynx Sensory Innervation of the Soft Palate and Pharynx CLINICAL CORRELATES Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes Common Cranial Nerve Syndromes SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 18: Axial–Limbic Brain: Autonomic Nervous System, Limbic System, Hypothalamus, and Reticular Formation LEARNING OBJECTIVES AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Anatomic Organization Visceral Efferent System Visceral Afferent System Neurotransmitters Central Autonomic Pathways Clinical Correlates Summary of the Autonomic Nervous System LIMBIC SYSTEM Anatomic Structures Clinical Correlates Summary of the Limbic System HYPOTHALAMUS Anatomic Structures Functional Circuitry of Hypothalamus Summary of the Hypothalamus RETICULAR FORMATION Anatomic Structures Functional Considerations Summary of the Reticular Formation CLINICAL CORRELATES SUMMARY OF THE AXIAL BRAIN REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 19: Cerebral Cortex: Higher Mental Functions LEARNING OBJECTIVES METHODS OF STUDY FUNCTIONAL LOCALIZATION IN THE BRAIN Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe DISORDERS OF CORTICAL FUNCTIONS Cerebral Dominance and Functional Specialization Speech and Language Disorders CLINICAL CORRELATES SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER 20: Diagnostic Techniques and Neurologic Concepts LEARNING OBJECTIVES BRAIN IMAGING Historical Background Cerebral Angiography Computed Tomography Techniques Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Radionuclide-Based Imaging Techniques WADA TEST ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY ELECTROMYOGRAPHY EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS Visual Evoked Potentials Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Auditory Evoked Potentials DICHOTIC LISTENING NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES Craniotomy and Cortical Mapping Subcortical Mapping Cordotomy Vascular Surgery Procedures GENETIC INHERITANCE Dominant Inheritance Recessive Inheritance X-Linked Inheritance SPECIFIC NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS Seizures and Epilepsy Altered Consciousness and Sleep Toxic Encephalopathies Myopathies Peripheral Neuropathies Neoplastic Growth Cerebral Infections SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS Discussion of Review Questions Chapter 1: Essential Neurological Concepts and Principles Chapter 2: Gross Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Chapter 3: Internal Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Chapter 4: Development of the Nervous System Chapter 5: Nerve Cell Physiology Chapter 6: Diencephalon: Thalamus and Associated Structures Chapter 7: Cerebrovascular System Chapter 8: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid Chapter 9: Auditory System Chapter 10: Vestibular System Chapter 11: Somatosensory System Chapter 12: Visual System Chapter 13: Motor System 1: Spinal Cord Chapter 14: Motor System 2: Cerebellum Chapter 15: Motor System 3: Basal Ganglia Chapter 16: Motor System 4: Motor Cortex Chapter 17: Cranial Nerves Synopsis Chapter 18: Axial–Limbic Brain: Autonomic Nervous System, Limbic System, Hypothalamus, and Reticular Formation Chapter 19: Cerebral Cortex: Higher Mental Functions Chapter 20: Diagnostic Techniques and Neurologic Concepts Discussion of Case Studies Chapter 1: Essential Neurological Concepts and Principles Chapter 2: Gross Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Chapter 5: Nerve Cell Physiology Chapter 6: Diencephalon: Thalamus and Associated Structures Chapter 7: Cerebrovascular System Chapter 8: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid Chapter 9: Auditory System Chapter 10: Vestibular System Chapter 11: Somatosensory System Chapter 12: Visual System Chapter 13: Motor System 1: Spinal Cord Chapter 14: Motor System 2: Cerebellum Chapter 15: Motor System 3: Basal Ganglia Chapter 16: Motor System 4: Motor Cortex Chapter 17: Cranial Nerves Synopsis Chapter 18: Axial–Limbic Brain: Autonomic Nervous System, Limbic System, Hypothalamus, and Reticular Formation Chapter 19: Cerebral Cortex: Higher Mental Functions Glossary Figure and Table Credits Index