Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, Fourth Edition

Description

Now in its fourth edition, this respected text delivers a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practice of refrigeration. Clear and straightforward, it is designed for students (NVQ/vocational level) and professional HVAC engineers, including those on short or CPD courses. Inexperienced readers are provided with a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of the technology. With its concise style yet broad sweep the book covers most of the applications professionals will encounter, enabling them to understand, specify, commission, use and maintain these systems. Many readers will appreciate the clarity with which the book covers the subject without swamping them with detailed technical or product specific information. New material in this edition includes the latest developments in refrigerants and lubricants, together with updated information on compressors, heat exchangers, liquid chillers, electronic expansion valves, controls and cold storage. Topics also covered include efficiency, environmental impact, split systems, retail refrigeration (supermarket systems and cold rooms), industrial systems, fans, air infiltration and noise. Author Information Guy Hundy studied Mechanical Engineering at Leeds University, UK. He started his career in the refrigeration industry with J & E Hall Ltd, Dartford. In 1985 he joined Copeland Europe and in 1998 he was appointed Director, Application Engineering, Copeland Europe. He has authored and co-authored papers and articles on compressors, applications and refrigerant changeover topics. Guy Hundy is a Chartered Engineer and works as a Technical Consultant. He is past - President of the Institute of Refrigeration. * Covers principles, methods and application of refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps in a concise volume, without the encumbrance of handbook information found in other volumes * Ideal for students, and professionals in other disciplines, not too theoretical but with sufficient depth to give an understanding of the issues, this book takes the reader from the fundamentals, through to system design, applications, contract specifications and maintenance * Full revision by Guy Hundy with new diagrams and illustrations cover.jpg......Page 1 Preface......Page 2 Acknowledgements......Page 3 1.2 Temperature, work and heat......Page 5 1.3 Heat......Page 7 1.4 Boiling point......Page 9 1.5 General gas laws......Page 10 1.6 Daltons law......Page 11 1.7 Heattransfer......Page 12 1.9 Two-phase heat transfer......Page 18 2.1 Ideal cycle......Page 19 2.2 Simple vapour compression cycle......Page 20 2.3 Practical Considerations and COP......Page 23 2.4 Multistage Cycles......Page 26 2.5 Non Vapour Compression Cycles......Page 29 3.1 Introduction......Page 34 3.3 Ozone depletion potential......Page 35 3.4 Global Warming Potential......Page 38 3.5 Nomenclature......Page 39 3.6 Refrigerant Blends and Glide......Page 40 3.7 Refrigerant Applications......Page 42 3.8Health and safety......Page 44 4.1 Introduction......Page 45 4.2 The piston compression process......Page 47 4.3 Multi-cylinder compressors......Page 48 4.4 Valves......Page 49 4.5 Capacity reduction......Page 51 4.6 Enclosed motors......Page 52 4.8 Cooling and protection......Page 55 4.10 Compressor efficiency......Page 57 4.11 Screw compressors......Page 59 4.12 Scroll compressors......Page 63 4.13 Sliding and rotary vane compressors......Page 65 4.14 Dynamic compressors......Page 66 5.1 Introduction......Page 70 5.2 Requirements and characteristics......Page 71 5.3 Moisture and Air Contamination......Page 73 5.4 Oil separators......Page 75 5.5 Oil circulation......Page 76 6.2 Heatto be removed......Page 78 6.3 Air-cooled condensers......Page 79 6.4 Water-cooled condensers......Page 82 6.5 Cooling towers......Page 84 6.6 Evaporative condensers......Page 85 6.7 Water treatment......Page 88 6.8 Condenser maintenance......Page 90 6.11 Other forms of condenser......Page 91 6.12 Winter operation......Page 92 6.13 Receivers......Page 93 6.14 Dry coolers......Page 94 7.2 Air cooling evaporators......Page 95 7.3 Liquid cooling evaporators......Page 97 7.4 Plate evaporators for freezing......Page 104 7.5 Defrosting......Page 105 7.6 Condensate pumps......Page 106 8.2 Thermostatic Expansion Valves......Page 107 8.3 External equalizer......Page 110 8.4 Electronic expansion valves......Page 111 8.5 Capillarytubes and restrictors......Page 113 8.6 Low-pressure float valves and switches......Page 114 8.7 High-pressure float valves......Page 116 8.8 Other level controls......Page 118 9.1 Introduction......Page 119 9.3 Humidistats......Page 120 9.4 Pressure switches......Page 121 9.5 Oil pressure switches......Page 122 9.6 Pressure gauges......Page 123 9.7 Solenoid valves......Page 124 9.8 Evaporator pressure regulation valves......Page 125 9.10 Shut-off valves......Page 126 9.11 Filter-driers......Page 128 9.13 Suction accumulators......Page 129 9.14 Suction-to-liquid heat exchangers......Page 130 9.15 Condenser pressure regulators......Page 131 9.17 Strainers......Page 132 9.20 Liquid refrigerant pumps......Page 133 10.2 Criteria and Options......Page 135 10.3 Evaporating Temperature......Page 138 10.4 Evaporator......Page 139 10.5 Compressor......Page 142 10.6 Condenser......Page 146 10.7 Expansion Valve......Page 148 10.9 Re-Check Components......Page 150 11.2 Materials......Page 151 11.3 Pressure safety......Page 152 11.4 LeakTesting......Page 153 11.6 Piping for oil return......Page 154 11.8 Instruments......Page 155 11.9 Rising liquid lines......Page 156 11.11 Cleanliness of piping......Page 157 11.12 Evacuation......Page 158 11.13 Charging with refrigerant......Page 159 11.14 Insulation......Page 160 11.16 Non-condensible gases......Page 161 11.17 Automatic gas purgers......Page 163 12.1 Introduction......Page 164 12.2 Chilled Water......Page 165 12.5 Secondary Coolants......Page 166 12.7 Thermal Storage......Page 170 13.1 Introduction......Page 172 13.2 Condensing Units......Page 173 13.3 Compressor Packs......Page 175 13.4 Chillers and Air Cooling Packages......Page 176 13.5 Split packages......Page 178 13.6 Testing of packaged units......Page 179 13.7 Other packages......Page 180 14.1 Introduction......Page 181 14.3 Pre-Cooling......Page 182 14.5 Quick Freezing......Page 183 14.6 Contact Freezing......Page 185 14.8 Post-Storage Operations......Page 186 15.2 Running Costs for Cold Storage......Page 188 15.3 Packing and Handling......Page 189 15.4 Frost Avoidance......Page 190 15.5 Insulation and Vapour Barriers......Page 193 15.7 Cold Store Construction......Page 195 15.8 Floors......Page 196 15.10 Fire Risk......Page 197 15.11 Door and Safety Exits......Page 198 15.13 Evaporators......Page 199 15.15 Security of Operation......Page 201 16.2 Meat industry applications......Page 202 16.4 Pork and bacon......Page 205 16.5 Poultry......Page 206 16.7 Milk and milk products......Page 207 16.8 Ice-cream......Page 210 16.9 Beer and Brewing......Page 212 16.11 Soft drinks......Page 214 16.12 Fruits......Page 215 16.14 Bakery products......Page 216 16.16 Chocolate......Page 217 17.1 Introduction......Page 218 17.3 Sea And Intermodal Transport......Page 219 17.4 Road and Rail Transport......Page 221 17.5 Logistics......Page 223 17.6 Refrigerated Display......Page 224 17.7 Retail Refrigeration......Page 227 18.2Product cooling......Page 230 18.4Convected heat......Page 233 18.5Internal heat sources......Page 234 18.7Estimate analysis......Page 235 19.1 Introduction......Page 237 19.3 Solvent Recovery......Page 238 19.5 De-Waxing of Oils......Page 239 19.7 Cooling Concrete......Page 240 19.9 Low-Temperature Testing......Page 241 19.10 Chemical Industry......Page 242 20.2 Calculation of properties......Page 244 20.4 Dew point......Page 246 20.5 Wet bulb temperature......Page 247 20.6 The psychrometric chart......Page 249 20.7 Effects on human comfort......Page 251 20.8 Climatic conditions......Page 252 20.9 Other comfort factors......Page 253 20.10 Fresh air......Page 254 21.1 Heating......Page 255 21.2 Mixing of airstreams......Page 256 21.4 Water spray (adiabatic saturation)......Page 258 21.5 Steam injection......Page 260 21.6 Air washer with chilled water......Page 262 21.7 Cooling and dehumidifying coil......Page 264 21.8 Sensiblelatent ratio......Page 265 21.9 Multistep processes......Page 266 21.10 Process analysis......Page 269 22.1 Heating......Page 270 22.2 Addition of moisture......Page 271 22.5 Evaporative coolers......Page 272 22.6 Cooling towers and evaporative condensers......Page 275 23.2 Conduction heat gains......Page 278 23.3 Solar heat......Page 279 23.4 Fresh air......Page 282 23.5 Internal heat sources......Page 283 23.6 Assessment of total load estimates......Page 284 24.2 Velocity and total pressure......Page 285 24.3 Measuring devices......Page 286 24.4 Fans......Page 289 24.5 Fan laws and fan control......Page 293 24.6 Flow of air in ducts......Page 295 24.7 Flow of air under kinetic energy......Page 297 24.8 Flow of air in a room......Page 300 24.10 Return air......Page 302 24.11 Textile ducting......Page 303 24.12 Air filtration......Page 304 24.13 Cleanliness and cleaning of ducting......Page 306 25.1 Introduction......Page 307 25.2 Numerical Examples......Page 309 25.3 Air Handling Units......Page 310 25.4 Fan Coil Units......Page 316 25.5 Integral Units......Page 318 25.7 Static Cooling Devices......Page 319 25.10 VRF Systems......Page 320 28.11 Two-Pipe Systems......Page 323 25.12 Transport Air Conditioning......Page 324 26.1 Psychrometrics......Page 325 26.3 Applications......Page 327 26.4 High-temperature dehumidifiers......Page 328 27.1 Introduction......Page 329 27.3 Dedicated Heat Pumps......Page 330 27.4 Heat Recovery......Page 334 28.2 The Control Loop......Page 336 28.3 Detectors and Sensors......Page 337 28.4 Controllers......Page 339 28.6 Controls Communications......Page 341 28.7 Control System Planning......Page 342 28.8 Commissioning of Control Systems......Page 343 29.2 Specification......Page 345 29.3 Commissioning......Page 346 29.4 Performance Measurements......Page 349 29.5 Planned Maintenance......Page 350 29.7 Fault-Finding......Page 353 29.8 Running Log......Page 354 29.10 Training and Competence......Page 355 30.2 Energy Efficiency......Page 357 30.4 HEAT PUMP/boiler comparison......Page 362 30.5 Efficiency Standards, Certification and Labelling......Page 363 30.6 Commitment to Energy Savings......Page 364 31.3 Some Simple Rules......Page 365 31.4 Compressor Noise......Page 366 31.6 Air System Noise......Page 367 31.7 Attenuation......Page 368 Appendix Units of Measurement......Page 369 References......Page 372 Useful WebSites......Page 377 Index......Page 379