Earliest Christian History: History, Literature, and Theology. Essays from the Tyndale Fellowship in Honor of Martin Hengel

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Martin Hengel (1926-2009) was a historian of the early church and ancient Judaism. His influence extended through his many publications, research students, conference participation, and ecclesiastical work. His scholarly legacy was honoured by a conference at Tyndale House in July 2010 with a number of speakers from Germany, England, and the USA coming together to remember and honour their colleague with papers on topics that Martin Hengel spent his life exploring. The essays in this volume include biographical works by former students remembering him as both a teacher and Christian scholar. Thereafter, several essays on Christology, the Gospels, and Judaism and Early Christianity engage with his contribution to these areas. Also included in the collection are new translations of six of Martin Hengel's most important essays put into English for the first time. Cover Widmung Preface Foreword Table of Contents MICHAEL F. BIRD and JASON MASTON: Introduction I. Biography JÖRG FREY, translated by VERENA ADRIAN: Martin Hengel as Theological Teacher 1. Unforgettable Scenes in the Beginning 2. The Legendary Advanced Research Seminar 3. Support and Challenge: Inspiration for Students 4. A Teacher of the Church ROLAND DEINES: Martin Hengel: Christology in Service of the Church 1. The Beginnings 2. Christology as Focus Conclusion II. Christology ROLAND DEINES: Chistology between Pre-existence, Incarnation and Messianic Self-understanding 1. Historical Research in the Service of Theological Truth 2. Jesus the Messiah 3. From "Charismatic Leader" to the "Son of God" 4. From Son of God to Pre-existence, Incarnation and Mediation in Creation 5. Incarnation and the Historical Jesus Bibliography SEYOON KIM: Jesus the Son of God as the Gospel (1 Thess 1:9–10 and Rom 1:3–4) 1. 1 Thess 1:9–10 a Summary of Paul's Gospel 2. Deliverance from God's Wrath through the Atonement of the Son of God 3. Deliverance from God's Wrath through the Intercession of the Son of God 4. The Son of God as the Gospel 5. Summary and Conclusion Bibliography III. Gospels RICHARD BAUCKHAM: The Gospels of Mark: Origins and Eyewitnesses 1. The Gospels did not circulate as anonymous works 2. Was the author the John Mark of the New Testament? 3. Mark's connexion with Peter 4. Other eyewitnesses 5. Who was Mark 7. The Aramaic words of Jesus in Mark Bibliography RAINER RIESNER: Martin Hengel's Quest for Jesus and the Synoptic Question 1. The Hengel Quest for Jesus 2. Mark's Gospel and the Petrine Tradition 3. The Double Tradition and the Question of Q 4. What about the Lukan Special Tradition? 5. Conclusion Bibliography ANDREAS KÖSTENBERGER: John's Trasposition Theology: Retelling the Story of Jesus in a Different Key 1. Introduction 2. The Literary Relationship Between John's Gospel and the Synoptics 2.1 History of Research 2.2 John's Transposition Theology 3. Probable Instances of John's Transposition of Mark Transposition #1: From Miracles to Signs Transposition #2: From the Temple Cleansing to the Raising of Lazarus Transposition #3: From the Markan Temple Cleansing to the Johannine Temple Clearing Transposition #4: From the Markan Pivot at Caesarea Philippi to Peter's Confession Halfway through John's Book of Signs and/or to Martha's Confession Transposition #5: From the Markan Olivet Discourse to John's Realized Eschatology Transposition #6: From Jesus' Prediction of the Destruction of the Literal Temple to Jesus' Prediction of the Destruction and Raising of the Spiritual Temple, the Body of Jesus Transposition #7: From the Kingdom of God to Eternal Life Transposition #8: From Jesus' Transfiguration to John's Pervasive Glory Motif Transposition #9: From the Institution of the Lord's Supper to Jesus' Teaching on Eating His Flesh and Drinking His Blood Transposition #10: From the Markan Parables to John's Real-Life "Parables" and Symbolic Discourses Transposition #11: From Jesus' Demon Exorcisms in Mark to Satan as the Chief Antagonist of Jesus in John Transposition #12: From Succinct Pronouncement Stories to Selected Extended Discourses Transposition #13: From the Markan Reference to Jewish Obduracy to John's Strategic Placement of the Same Reference Transposition #14: From the Markan Institution of the Lord's Supper to John's Extensive Farewell Discourse Transposition #15: From the Cross as a Place of Shame and Suffering in Mark to the Cross as a Place of Glory and Exaltation in John Transposition #16: From Mark's Presentation of Jesus' Jewish and Roman Trials to the Cosmic Trial Motif in John 4. Possible Instances of John's Transposition of Luke Transposition #1: From the Two Volumes of Luke-Acts to John's One-Volume Work in Two Parts, The Book of Signs and the Book of Exaltation Transposition #2: From the Virgin Birth to Jesus' Eternal Pre-Existence Transposition #3: From the Socio-Economic Dimension of Jesus' Ministry in Luke-Acts to John's Singular Focus on People's Individual Eternal Destiny Transposition #4: From the Pattern of the Early Church's Mission in the Book of Acts to John's Presentation of the Pattern of Jesus' Earthly Mission 5. Conclusion: The Johannine Pattern of Transposition Bibliography ARMIN D. BAUM: The Original Epilogue (John 20:30–31), the Secondary Appendix (21:1–23), and the Editorial Epilogues (21:24–25) of John's Gospel 1. Introduction 1.1 Chapter 21 as an Appendix to the Book 1.2 Chapter 21 as an Original Element of the Book 2. The Original Epilogue of the Fourth Gospel (John 20:30–31) 2.1 The First Epilogue as the Original Closure of the Book (1) John 20:30–31 as an Epilogue. (2) The Reference Point of John 20:30–31. 2.2 The Self-Introduction of the Author in the First Epilogue (1) The Deliberate Anonymity of the Author. (2) The Avoiding of the First Person. (3) The Author of the Epilogue. 2.3 The First Epilogue in Literary-Historical Perspective (1) Prologues in Greco-Roman Literature. (2) Epilogues in Greco-Roman Literature. (3) Epilogues in Old Testament and Early Jewish Literature. 2.4 The Content of the First Epilogue (1) The Incompleteness of the Book. (2) The Purpose of the Book. 2.5 The Reason for an Epilogue (1) The Safest Location. (2) The Traditional Location. (3) The Prominence of the Theological Prologue. (4) The Priority of the Subject Matter. 3. Chapter 21 as an Editorial Appendix 3.1 The Literary-Critical Interpretations (1) Chapter 21 as an Original Element of the Book. (2) Chapter 21 as an Appendix by the Evangelist. (3) Chapter 21 as an Appendix by a Disciple. (4) Chapter 21 as a Later Appendix. 3.2 The Literary-Critical Evidence (1) The Content of Chapter 21. (2) The Syntax of Chapter 21. (3) The Vocabulary of Chapter 21. (4) The "Sons of Zebedee" (21:2). 3.3 The Origin of Form and Content 4. Epilogues and Appendices in Ancient Literature 4.1 Appendices without Explicit Indications by Their Authors (1) Cicero, Academica. 4.2 Primary Appendices with Direct Indications by their Authors (1) Josephus, Antiquitates and Vita. (2) Cornelius Nepos, De viris illustribus. (3) Eusebius, Historia ecclesiastica. 4.3 Secondary Appendices with Indirect Indications by Their Authors (1) Second Maccabees. (2) Wisdom of Sirach. 4.4 The Position of the First Epilogue (20:30-31) in the Fourth Gospel (1) The Perspective of the Evangelist. (2) The perspective of the Editor 5. The Editorial Epilogue of the Fourth Gospel (John 21:24–25) 5.1 The anonymity of John 21:24–25 5.2 The Authors of John 21:24 5.3 The Author of John 21:25 5.4 The Point of Reference of John 21:24–25 5.5 The Genre of John 21:24–25 (1) Jonh 21:24a as an Incipit. (2) John 21:24–25 as a Sphragis. (3) John 21:24–25 as a Subscription. (4) John 21:24–25 as an Editorial Epilogue. 6. Conclusion Bibliography IV. Judaism and Early Christianity JASON MASTON: Judaism and Hellenism: Rethinking Ben Sira's "Opponents" 1. Introduction 2. The Debate Formula and the "Opponents" 2.1 Wealth, Power and Judgment (Sir 5.1–8; 11.23–26) 2.2 Determinism (Sir 15.11–20) 2.3 Judgment and the Individual (Sir 16.17–23) 3. Conclusion Bibliography STEVE WALTON: How Mighty a Minority Were the Hellenists? 1. Hengel's proposal 2. Tracing the roots of Hengel's proposal 3. Assessment 3.1 James Dunn's discussion 3.2 Engaging with Hengel on the Hellenists 3.3 Who were the Hellenists? 3.4 Did the Hellenists worship separately from the Hebrews? 3.5 Did the Hellenists have a distinctive theology? 3.6 Who was persecuted and who fled Jerusalem in Acts 8.1? 3.7 What role did the Hellenists have in the beginnings of the Gentile mission? 4. Conclusion Bibliography MICHAEL F. BIRD: The Incident at Antioch (Gal. 2.11–14): The Beginnings of Paulinism 1. Introduction 2. Jews and Christians in Antioch 3. What was the problem in Antioch 3.1 The Main Protagonists 3.2 Why Did Cephas Separate from Table Fellowship? 3.3 Why Did Paul Object to Cephas' Actions? 4. Conclusion: The Making of Paulinism Bibliography GRANT MACASKILL: The Atonement and Concepts of Participation in the New Testament 1. Hengel and The Atonement 2. Reception of Hengel's The Atonement 3. Advancing the Debate 4. Participation in Paul and the New Testament 5. Conclusion Bibliography DONALD A. HAGNER: Another Look at "The Parting of the Ways" 1. The Challenge 2. On the Definition of Key Words 3. The Marks of Newness 3.1 Jesus according to the Gospels. 3.2 The Earliest Church. 3.3 Paul. 3.4 The remainder of the NT. 3.5 The Second Century. 4. Jewish Christianity 5. Conclusion Bibliography ANNA MARIA SCHWEMER: The First Christians in Syria 1. Paul's Accounts of his Early Years 2. The First Christians in Syria according to the Acts of the Apostles 2.1 The Mission of the Hellenists and their Arrival in Antioch 2.2 Syria in Jewish Eschatological Anticipation 2.3 The New Situation in the City of Antioch for the Christians 2.4 The Mission Starting from Antioch as Presented in the Acts of the Apostles 3. The "Apostolic Council" in Jerusalem in the Year 48/49 4. The Conflict between Peter and Paul in the Year 52/53 in Antioch and the Apostolic Decree 5. About the First Christians in Edessa Bibliography V. Translations of Martin Hengel's Essays MARTIN HENGEL, translated by WAYNE M. COPPINS: A Young Theological Discipline in Crisis MARTIN HENGEL, translated by THOMAS H. TRAPP: The Earliest Roots of Gnosticism and Early Chistianity 1. The Earliest Evidence: 1 Timothy 6:20 and the Question of Dating 2. Concerning the Term γνωσις 3. "Gnosis" as a "Christian" Movement From the Second Century On 4. Its Character as a Christian "Philosophy of Religion" 4.1 The Early Gnostics as the First Christian "Philosophers of Religion" 4.2 The Historical Differentiation of "Gnosis" 5. The Questionable Nature of the Hypothesis of a "Pre-Christian Gnosis" 5.1 The Postulation of a "Pre-Christian Gnosis" by the Rudolf Bultmann School 5.2 The Mandaean Hypothesis 5.3 The Corpus Hermeticum and the Mystery Cults 5.4 The Textual Finds at Nag Hammadi 6. The First "Gnostic Teachers" Known by Name 6.1 The earliest supposed "Gnostic," Simon Magus, His System, and His Followers 6.2 Other Early "Gnostic" Teachers 7. Gnostic Traces in Paul? 8. Where are the Sources of "Gnosis" to be found? MARTIN HENGEL, translated by LARS KIERSPEL: Qumran and Early Christianity MARTIN HENGEL, translated by NELSON MOORE: The Lukan Prologue and Its Eyewitnesses: The Apostles, Peter and the Women 1. The Two-Volume Work and Its Prologues 2. The Author Luke and his Time 3. Luke, His "Eyewitnesses" and His "Sources" 4. The "Twelve Apostles" as Witnesses through "Eyes and Ears" 5. Peter and the Apostles 6. The Distance between Peter and Paul: Harmonization through Delimitation 7. The "Apostolic" Gospel as a Guarantor of the Unity of the Church 8. The Women as the Exception which Proves the Rule MARTIN HENGEL, translated by DANIEL JOHANSSON: Confessing and Confession 1. The Use of Language 2. Old Testament and Judaism 3. Confessing and Confession in Early Christianity MARTIN HENGEL, translated by WAYNE M. COPPINS: Paul and the Torah Contributors Index of Ancient Literature Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha Qumran Literature Josephus Philo Rabbinic Literature New Testament Apostolic Fathers New Testament Apocrypha Nag Hammadi Church Fathers and Other Christian Literature Greco-Roman Literature Papyri and Other Literature Index of Modern Authors Index of Subjects