Practices and Trends in Ground Improvement Techniques

Description

This book focuses on case studies from Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Thailand and the USA in various ground improvement projects. It highlights new applications and trends in ground improvement geo-system including recycling, geo-environmental consideration and preservation of world cultural heritage. The contents will be useful for researchers and engineers to understand how the principles of ground improvement methods are executed in the site, basis of selection of a particular ground improvement technique in a project, cost-benefits of such methods, etc. This volume will also be a useful guide for beginners and intermediate-level practitioners dealing with geotechnical construction projects or who have interest in the development and practical application of ground improvement techniques. Engineers and researchers will find it helpful in developing, advancing and applying their techniques in the field. Preface Acknowledgments Contents About the Editors 1 Introduction 1.1 Prologue 1.2 Overview of the Case Studies References 2 Ground Improvement Using Prefabricated Vertical Drains with Preloading for Port Park Area at Chittagong, Bangladesh 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sub-soil Conditions at the Project Site 2.3 Ground Improvement Scheme 2.3.1 Consolidation Settlement and Time for Consolidation Settlement 2.3.2 Design Assumptions for Ground Improvement 2.3.3 Design of Vertical Drains 2.4 Construction Methodology 2.5 Monitoring of Ground Settlements 2.6 Summary References 3 Soil–Cement Method for Jobsite Road Foundation Ground Construction—Using “Moist Cement” 3.1 Overview of the Project 3.2 Description of “Moist Cement” 3.2.1 Specification of “Moist Cement” Mixer 3.2.2 Construction Procedure of Soil–Cement with “Moist Cement” 3.3 Properties of “Moist Cement” 3.3.1 Result of Dust Amount by Dumping Test 3.3.2 Dust Generating State by Trial Work 3.3.3 Strength of Solidified Mass 3.3.4 Available Time for “Moist Cement” 3.4 Design Condition 3.5 Addition Amount of Stabilizers 3.5.1 Investigation of Solidified Strength 3.5.2 Condition and Method of Laboratory Test and Its Result 3.6 Execution Specification and Quality Control 3.6.1 Execution Process 3.6.2 Execution Management and Quality Control 3.7 Summary References 4 Application Examples of the Sand Compaction Pile Method in the United States 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Non-vibratory SCP Method 4.3 Example of Applying the SCP Method to a Commercial Facility 4.3.1 Outline of Project and Construction 4.3.2 Result of Vibration Monitoring During Construction 4.3.3 CPT Results 4.4 Consideration of the Ground Improvement Effect 4.4.1 Study Conditions 4.4.2 Liquefaction Judgment 4.4.3 Settlement Prediction 4.5 Conclusion References 5 Cement Deep Mixing for Levee Repair in Louisiana, USA 5.1 Overview of the Project 5.2 Description of Subsurface Conditions 5.3 Pre-production Testing 5.3.1 Laboratory Bench-Scale Testing 5.3.2 Field Validation Test Columns 5.4 The CDM Equipment 5.5 CDM Design and Layout 5.6 Quality Control, Quality Assurance, and Strength Test Results 5.6.1 Quality Control 5.6.2 Quality Assurance and Strength Test Results 5.7 Construction Challenges 5.8 Summary References 6 Full-Scale Embankment in Soft Bangkok Clay Using Jet Grouted Cement Mixing Piles 6.1 Overview 6.2 Full-Scale Cement Deep Mixing Improved Soft Clay Foundation 6.2.1 Reinforced Embankment 6.2.2 Construction of Reinforced Embankment 6.2.3 Installation of Deep Mixing Piles by Jet Grouting 6.2.4 Sub-soil Profile 6.2.5 Instrumentations and Monitoring 6.3 Numerical Simulation of Full-Scale Test Embankment 6.3.1 Finite Element Model 6.3.2 Boundary and Initial Condition 6.3.3 Material Models 6.3.4 Soil/Hexagonal Wire Mesh Interface Models 6.4 Degree of Consolidation 6.5 Results and Discussion 6.5.1 Surface Settlements 6.5.2 Subsurface Settlements 6.5.3 Lateral Movement 6.5.4 Excess Pore Pressure 6.5.5 Tension in Hexagonal Wire Mesh 6.6 Conclusions References 7 Reinforcement of Runway Embankment by Using Geosynthetics in Sulawesi, Indonesia 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Building 37 m High Reinforced Soil Slopes Over Clay Shale Formation 7.2.1 Project Location 7.2.2 Geotechnical Problems 7.2.3 Design of Geosynthetics Reinforced Slopes 7.2.4 Construction 7.2.5 Tests from Flash Flood and Palu Earthquake 7.2.6 First Plane Landing 7.3 Concluding Remarks References 8 Slope Stability by Soil Nailing for Road Widening in Hikawa Tunnel, Tokyo, Japan 8.1 Outline of Project 8.2 Geological Conditions of the Project Site 8.3 Nailing 8.4 Procedures 8.5 Stability Analysis of the Slope and Monitoring 8.5.1 Displacement of Cutting Slope 8.5.2 Axial Load 8.6 Summary References 9 Use of Coir Geotextiles in Erosion Control, South-West India 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Erosion Control Appications 9.3 Case Studies on Mine Waste Dumps 9.4 Slope Protection with Coir Geotextiles and Hydro-seeding 9.5 Slope Stabilization of High-Altitude Cricket Stadium 9.6 Conclusions References 10 Applications of Waste Tires for Protection of Embankments in Northern and Northeastern Japan 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Applications of Whole Tires in Retaining Wall Construction 10.2.1 Forensic Investigation and Results 10.2.2 Laboratory Investigations Using Element Testing and Model Testing 10.2.3 Numerical Investigation on Performance Evaluation of an Embankment Under Earthquake Loading 10.3 Applications of Tire Shreds in Highway Embankments for Drainage Enhancement 10.3.1 Test Sites and Design Considerations 10.3.2 Laboratory Tests 10.3.3 Field Trial 10.4 Concluding Remarks References 11 Log Piling Method for Liquefaction Mitigation and Carbon Stock in Large Residential Area, Chiba, Japan 11.1 Introduction and Background of Developing LP-LiC Method 11.2 Overview of LP-LiC Method 11.3 Construction 11.4 Design Against Liquefaction with LP-LiC Method 11.5 Results of Liquefaction Countermeasures 11.6 Carbon Storage Effect 11.7 Summary References 12 Ground Freezing for Shield Tunneling, Japan 12.1 Overview of the Projects 12.2 Outline of Ground Freezing Method 12.3 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 12.4 Construction Challenges 12.4.1 Case of Nakanoshima Subway Line in Osaka 12.4.2 Case of Discharge Tunnel of Thermal Power Station in Hokkaido 12.5 Summary References 13 Combined Ground Improvement Method for Cultural Heritage Preservation—A Case Study in Angkor Ruins, Cambodia 13.1 Overview 13.2 Background 13.3 Project Outline and Objective Structure 13.4 Results of Investigations 13.4.1 Lessons Learned from N3 Tower 13.4.2 Survey of Existing State of N1 Tower 13.5 Construction Method 13.6 Mixing Test of Slaked Lime Soil and Results 13.7 Construction Procedures 13.8 Conclusion References 14 Epilogue