Introduction to Nanotechnology

Description

This self-confessed introduction provides technical administrators and managers with a broad, practical overview of the subject and gives researchers working in different areas an appreciation of developments in nanotechnology outside their own fields of expertise. CONTENTS PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS OF THE SOLID STATE 2.1. STRUCTURE 2.1 .l. Size Dependence of Properties 2.1.2. Crystal Structures 2.1.3. Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 2.1.4. Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductor Structures 2.1.5. Lattice Vibrations 2.2. ENERGY BANDS 2.2.1. Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors 2.2.2. Reciprocal Space 2.2.3. Energy Bands and Gaps of Semiconductors 2.2.4. Effective Masses 2.2.5. Fermi Surfaces 2.3. LOCALIZED PARTICLES 2.3.1. Donors, Acceptors, and Deep Traps 2.3.2. Mobility 2.3.3. Excitons 3 METHODS OF MEASURING PROPERTIES 3.1. INTRODUCTION 3.2. STRUCTURE 3.2.1. Atomic Structures 3.2.2. Crystallography 3.2.3. Particle Size Determination 3.2.4. Surface Structure 3.3. MICROSCOPY 3.3.1. Transmission Electron Microscopy 3.3.2 Field Ion Microscopy 3.3.3. Scanning Microscopy 3.4. SPECTROSCOPY 3.4.1. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 3.4.2. Photoemission and X-Ray Spectroscopy 3.4.3. Magnetic Resonance 4 PROPERTIES OF IN DIVI DUAL NANOPARTICLES 4.1. INTRODUCTION 4.2. METAL NANOCLUSTERS 4.2.1. Magic Numbers 4.2.2. Theoretical Modeling of Nanoparticles 4.2.3. Geometric Structure 4.2.4. Electronic Structure 4.2.5. Reactivity 4.2.6. Fluctuations 4.2.7. Magnetic Clusters 4.2.8. Bulk to Nanotransition 4.3. SEMICONDUCTING NANOPARTICLES 4.3.1. Optical Properties 4.3.2. Photofragmentation 4.3.3. Coulombic Explosion 4.4. RARE GAS AND MOLECULAR CLUSTERS 4.4.1. Inert-Gas Clusters 4.4.2. Superfluid Clusters 4.4.3. Molecular Clusters 4.5. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS 4.5.1. RF Plasma 4.5.2. Chemical Methods 4.5.3. Thermolysis 4.5.4. Pulsed Laser Methods 4.6. CONCLUSION 5 CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES 5.1. INTRODUCTION 5.2. CARBON MOLECULES 5.2.1. Nature of the Carbon Bond 5.2.2. New Carbon Structures 5.3. CARBON CLUSTERS 5.3.1. Small Carbon Clusters 5.3.2. Discovery of Cs0 5.3.3. Structure of c60 and Its Crystal 5.3.4. Alkali-Doped c60 5.3.5. Superconductivity in C6,, 5.3.6. Larger and Smaller Fullerenes 5.3.7. Other Buckyballs 5.4. CARBON NANOTUBES 5.4.1. Fabrication 5.4.2. Structure 5.4.3. Electrical Properties 5.4.4. Vibrational Properties 5.4.5. Mechanical Properties 5.5. APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUBES 5.5.1. Field Emission and Shielding 5.5.2. Computers 5.5.3. Fuel Cells 5.5.4. Chemical Sensors 5.5.5. Catalysis 5.5.6. Mechanical Reinforcement 6 BULK NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS 6.1. SOLID DISORDERED NANOSTRUCTURES 6.1.1. Methods of Synthesis 6.1.2. Failure Mechanisms of Conventional Grain-Sized Materials 6.1.3. Mechanical Properties 6.1.4. Nanostructured Multilayers 6.1.5. Electrical Properties 6.1.6. Other Properties 6.1.7. Metal Nanocluster Composite Glasses 6.1.8. Porous Silicon 6.2. NANOSTRUCTURED CRYSTALS 6.2.1. Natural Nanocrystals 6.2.2. Computational Prediction of Cluster Lattices 6.2.3. Arrays of Nanoparticles in Zeolites 6.2.4. Crystals of Metal Nanoparticles 6.2.5. Nanoparticle Lattices in Colloidal Suspensions 6.2.6. Photonic Crystals A photonic crystal consists of a latti 7 NANOSTRUCTU RED FERROMAGNETISM 7.1. BASICS OF FERROMAGNETISM 7.2. EFFECT OF BULK NANOSTRUCTURING ON MAGNETIC PROPERTIES 7.3. DYNAMICS OF NANOMAGNETS 7.4. NANOPORE CONTAINMENT OF MAGNETIC PARTICLES 7.5. NANOCARBON FERROMAGNETS 7.6. GIANT AND COLOSSAL MAGNETORESISTANCE 7.7. FERROFLUIDS 8 OPTICAL AND VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY 8.1. INTRODUCTION 8.2. INFRARED FREQUENCY RANGE 8.2.1. Spectroscopy of Semiconductors; Excitons 8.2.2. Infrared Surface Spectroscopy 8.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy 8.2.4. Brillouin Spectroscopy 8.3. LUMINESCENCE 8.3.1. Photoluminescence 8.3.2. Surface States 8.3.3. Thermoluminescence 8.4. NANOSTRUCTURES IN ZEOLITE CAGES 9 QUANTUM WELLS, WIRES, AND DOTS 9.1. INTRODUCTION 9.2. PREPARATION OF QUANTUM NANOSTRUCTURES 9.3. SIZE AND DIMENSIONALITY EFFECTS 9.3.1. Size Effects 9.3.2. Conduction Electrons and Dimensionality 9.3.3. Fermi Gas and Density of States 9.3.4. Potential Wells 9.3.5. Partial Confinement 9.3.6. Properties Dependent on Density of States 9.4. EXCITONS 9.5. SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING 9.6. APPLICATIONS 9.6.1. Infrared Detectors 9.6.2. Quantum Dot Lasers 9.7. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 10 SELF-ASSEMBLY AND CATALYSIS 10.1. SELF-ASSEMBLY 10.1.1. Process of Self-Assembly 10.1.2. Semiconductor Islands 10.1.3. Monolayers 10.2. CATALYSIS 10.2.1. Nature of Catalysis 10.2.2. Surface Area of Nanoparticles 10.2.3. Porous Materials 10.2.4. Pillared Clays 10.2.5. Colloids 11 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS 11 .l. INTRODUCTION 11.2. FORMING AND CHARACTERIZING POLYMERS 11.2.1. Polymerization 11.2.2. Sizes of Polymers 11.3. NANOCRYSTALS 11.3.1. Condensed Ring Types 11.3.2. Polydiacetylene Types 11.4. POLYMERS 11.4.1. Conductive Polymers 11.4.2. Block Copolymers 11.5. SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES 11 5.1 Transition-Metal-Mediated Types 11. 5.2 Dendritic Molecules 11. 5.3 Supramolecular Dendrimers 11 .5.4 Micelles 12 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 12.1. INTRODUCTION 12.2. BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS 12.2.1. Sizes of Building Blocks and Nanostructures 12.2.2. Polypeptide Nanowire and Protein Nanoparticle 12.3. NUCLEIC ACIDS 12.3.1. DNA Double Nanowlre 12.3.2. Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis 12.4. BIOLOGICAL NANOSTRUCTURES 12.4.1. Examples of Proteins 12.4.2. Micelles and Vesicles 12.4.3. Multilayer Films 13 NANOMACHINES AND NANODEVICES 13.1. MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMSs 13.2. NANOELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (NEMSs) 13.2.1. Fabrication 13.2.2. Nanodevices and Nanomachines 13.3. MOLECULAR AND SUPRAMOLECULAR SWITCHES APPENDIX A FORMULAS FOR DIMENSIONALITY A.l. INTRODUCTION A.2. DELOCALIZATION A.3. PARTIAL CONFINEMENT Appendix B TABULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTING MATERIAL PROPERTIES INDEX