Environmental Endocrinology and Endocrine Disruptors: Endocrine and Endocrine-targeted Actions and Related Human Diseases

Description

This book describes how exposure to various classes of endocrine disruptors, as well as other environmental chemicals targeting the endocrine system by alternative non-endocrine mechanisms, impact on endocrinological and endocrinological-related diseases. It includes comprehensive reviews of all aspects of environmental endocrinology, ranging from sources and patterns of exposure and identification of endocrine targets to direct endocrine disruptive mechanisms and indirect actions on the endocrine system, the latter including endocrine cell-directed cytotoxicity, oxidative damage, and genetic and epigenetic aberrations resulting in endocrine damage. It also examines the causal pathways and offers an extensive overview of downstream endocrinological and endocrinological-related disorders. In addition, several chapters focus on transgenerational actions, which are a topic of particular interest. Lastly, evidence from preclinical and clinical studies provides the basis for an in-depth, critical discussion of each topic. The book is part of the SpringerReference program, which provides access to ‘living editions’ that are constantly updated using a dynamic peer-review publishing process. Series Preface Volume Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors 1 Environmental Endocrinology Introduction The Concept of an Endocrine Disruptor Environmental Factors and the Endocrine System Endocrine Physiology and Environmental Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Hypothalamus and Pituitary Physiology Thyroid Physiology Adrenal Physiology Reproductive Physiology Bone Physiology Endocrine Pancreas, Adipose Tissue, and Cardiovascular Physiology Mechanisms of Environment-Mediated Endocrine Disruption Challenges and Future Directions Conclusion References 2 Environmental Impact on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis Introduction Environmental Factors, EDCs, and the Pituitary Influences from the Environment Role of EDCs EDCs and Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Peripheral Glands Axes: An Overview Pituitary Tumors Pathophysiology and Clinical Expression: The Role of the Interaction Between EDCs, AHR, and AIP In Vitro Studies Animal Studies In Vivo Effects of EDC on Pituitary Gland Conclusion References 3 Environmental Endocrinology and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Introduction HPT Axis HPT Function and the Classes of EDCs Industrial Chemicals and the HPT Axis Organotin Compounds Organochlorines and Organophosphate Pesticides Phthalates and Plasticizers Heavy Metals Cosmetics and Sunscreen Food and Isoflavones Conclusions References 4 Environmental Impact on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Introduction Part 1: The Mechanisms of Adaptation of the HPA Axis Under Environmental Stimuli The Stress System: Components and Properties Components of the Stress System Equilibrium of the Stress System Intensity and Duration of Stress Stress System Physiological Stimuli Circadian Rhythm Gender Aging Prenatal Stress Early-Life Stress Maternal Care Diet Physical Activity Temperature Stress System Pathological Stimuli Immune Response Somatic Stressors Neuropsychological Factors HPA Dysregulation Stress-Induced Adrenal Conditions Part 2: Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and the HPA Axis Plasticizers Phthalates Bisphenol A Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Flame Retardants Pesticides Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides Air Particulate Matter Pollution Other Compounds Licorice Cadmium Arsenic Conclusion References 5 Environmental Impact on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary Axis EDCs and Development of Gonadal Axis Sleep Disorders, Behavioral Disturbances, and Steroids As Endocrine Disruptors Affecting Gonadal Axis Homeostatic Role for the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Sleep Disorders As a Disruptor of the Secretory Activity of HPG Axis Direct Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Hypothalamus and Pituitary EDCs and the Effect on Ovary and Uterus Effects on the Ovarian Development and Postnatal Period Including Folliculogenesis and Endometrium Bisphenol A Phthalates Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Effects of EDs on the Steroidogenesis Bisphenol A Phthalates Diethylstilbestrol Tributyltin EDs and Metabolic Changes in Reproductive Disorders EDs Actions on Puberty and Menstrual Cycle Bisphenol A Phthalates Pesticides Environmental Pollutants Estrogens Androgens Conclusion References 6 Environmental Impact on Female Fertility and Pregnancy Introduction Environmental Factors and Impairment of Female Fertility (Table 2) Impairment of Nonassisted Female Fertility Impairment of Assisted Female Fertility Effect of Environmental Factors on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian (HPO) Axis Resulting into Negative Pregnancy Outcomes Ectopic Pregnancy Pregnancy Losses Gestational Diabetes Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Preterm Birth Intrauterine Growth Restriction Small for Gestational Age Large for Gestational Age Birth Defects Transgenerational Epigenetic Effects Conclusion References 7 The Role of the Environment in Female Reproductive Disorders Introduction The Ovarian Dysgenesis Syndrome Impact of Environmental Factors on Female Reproductive Disorders: Focusing on Endocrine Disruptors Irregular Menstrual Cyclicity Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Endometriosis Premature Ovarian Insufficiency Fibroids Impact of Environmental Factors on Disorders of Puberty in Females: Focusing on Endocrine Disruptors Precocious Puberty Impact of Environmental Factors on Female Hormone-Related Cancers: Focusing on Endocrine Disruptors Breast Cancer Endometrial Cancer Ovarian Cancer Moving Forward: Summary and Future Directions References 8 Environmental Impact on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testis Axis Introduction Mechanism of Action of EDCs on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Bisphenol A Phthalates Perfluoroalkyl Substances Heavy Metals Pesticides Dioxin and Dioxin-Like Compounds Lifestyles Temperature Radiation Conclusions References 9 Environmental Impact on Semen Quality and Male Fertility Introduction Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Bisphenol-A In Vitro and Animal Studies Human Epidemiological Studies Phthalates In Vitro and Animal Studies Human Epidemiological Studies Perfluorochemicals In Vitro and Animal Studies Human Epidemiological Studies Organophosphates In Vitro and Animal Studies Human Epidemiological Studies Polychlorinated Biphenyls In Vitro and Animal Studies Human Epidemiological Studies Other Environmental Pollutants Heavy Metals Cadmium Mercury Lead Chromium Arsenic Air Pollution Temperature Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Conclusions References 10 The Role of the Environment in Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome Introduction Endocrine Disrupting Compounds: General Considerations Estrogen Receptors Androgen Receptors Endocrine Disrupting Compounds Targeting the Male Reproductive System Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Compounds with Estrogenic Properties Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Compounds with Anti-Androgenic Properties Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Compounds with Mixed Properties The Environment-Genes Component in Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome: Contribution to Testicular Cancer Etiology Conclusions References 11 Environmental Impact on Sexual Response Introduction EDCs and Sexual Differentiation Physiology of Sexual Differentiation The Influence of EDCs on Sexual Differentiation EDCs and Sexual Function Physiology of Sexual Response EDCs and Sexual (Dys)function EDCs, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity Biological Basis of Sexual Orientation Biological Basis of Gender Identity The Influence of EDCs on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Conclusions and Future Directions References 12 Environmental Impact on Bone Health Abbreviations Introduction Bone Metabolism Exposure to Light (Photoperiod) and Climate Conditions Disorders of Nutrition Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Environment Air Pollutants Endocrine Disruptors Bisphenol A Alkylphenols Diethylstilbestrol Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Phthalate Esters Dioxins Parabens Cadmium Conclusions References 13 Environmental Impact on Immune System Introduction Effects of EDCs on Immune Cells Neutrophils Monocytes and Macrophages Natural Killers Mast Cells and Eosinophils Dendritic Cells Lymphocytes Potential Role of EDCs in Allergic Disease Potential Role of EDCs in Autoimmune Disease Environmental Circadian Disruption and Inflammation Food and Immune System The Nutrient-Organism Interface: Epithelial Barrier, Gut-Resident Immune Cells, and Microbiome Signaling Effectors in Response to Nutritional Status The Effects of Micronutrients on the Immune System Nutritional Status and Immune Function Microbiome and the Immune System Role of Microbiota in Immune Homeostasis Innate Immune System-Microbiota Crosstalk Adaptive Immune System-Microbiota Crosstalk Conclusions References 14 Environmental Impact on Metabolism Introduction Gut Microbiota in Health and Metabolic Diseases Obesogens and Microbiota Obesogens and Metabolic Effects Diabetogens and Microbiota T2D and Microbiota Low-Grade Inflammation and Gut Permeability SCFAs Diabetogens and Metabolic Effects Statins EDCs: The Diabetogen Hypothesis Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) BPA Arsenic and Phthalates EDCs Mixtures The EDCs-Microbiota-Metabolism Triad Conclusions References 15 The Role of the Environment in Neuroendocrine Tumors Introduction Epidemiology Biology of Neuroendocrine Tumors Risk Factors for Neuroendocrine Tumors Family History of Cancer and Risk of NET Development Genetics of Neuroendocrine Tumors Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling Pathway Notch and Hedgehog Signaling Pathways Growth Factors Impact on NET Development Disruption of DNA Damage Repair in NET Pathogenesis Mutations Associated with NET Pathogenesis Epigenetic Landscape of Neuroendocrine Tumors Aging Gender Ethnicity Lifestyle Obesity Nutrition Radiation The Role of Immune System in NET Pathogenesis and Progression Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors Conclusion References 16 The Role of the Environment in Endocrine Cancers Introduction Gonadal Cancer Ovarian Cancer Cervical Cancer Endometrial Cancer Testicular Cancer Adrenal Cancer Conclusion References 17 The Role of the Environment in Hormone-Related Cancers Introduction Overview of Risk Factors Linked to Endocrine-Related Cancers Chemical Factors Related to Pathogenesis of Endocrine-Related Cancers Endocrine Disruptors Heavy Metals Cigarette Smoking Biological Factors Related to Pathogenesis of Endocrine-Related Cancers Obesity Circadian Disruption Breast Cancer Basic Facts and Mechanisms Involved in Breast Cancer Chemical Factors Related to Pathogenesis of Breast Cancer Endocrine Disruptors Human Studies Animal Studies In Vitro Studies Heavy Metals Cigarette Smoking Ethanol Biological Factors Related to Pathogenesis of Breast Cancer Obesity Circadian Disruption Endometrial Cancer Basic Facts on Endometrial Cancer Selected Chemical and Biological Factors Related to Pathogenesis of Endometrial Cancer Endocrine Disruptors Heavy Metals Obesity Prostate Cancer Basic Facts on Prostate Cancer Chemical and Physical Factors Related to the Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer Endocrine Disruptors Humans Animal Studies In Vitro Studies Smoking Ionizing Radiation Biological Factors Related to the Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer Obesity Shift Work Conclusion References Index