Making Sense of Data through Statistics: An Introduction

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BOOK COVER......Page 1 TITLE PAGE......Page 2 DEDICATION......Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 4 CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Data and Statistics......Page 5 Variables and Data......Page 7 Data Types......Page 9 Scales of Measurement......Page 10 Unit 1 Exercises......Page 14 Populations and Samples......Page 16 Sampling Approaches......Page 18 Sample Size......Page 22 Unit 2 Summary......Page 25 A Quick Look at Data Collection......Page 27 Unit 3 Summary......Page 31 Unit 3 Exercises......Page 32 From Statistics to Analytics......Page 33 Unit 4 Summary......Page 36 End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 37 CHAPTER 2: Data Presentation......Page 39 Frequency Tables......Page 44 Frequency Tables for Qualitative Data......Page 45 Frequency Tables for Quantitative Data......Page 50 Unit 1 Summary......Page 58 Unit 1 Exercises......Page 60 Column Chart......Page 63 Histogram......Page 64 Stem-and-Leaf Plot......Page 70 Unit 2 Summary......Page 71 Unit 2 Exercises......Page 72 Relative Frequency......Page 74 Cumulative Relative Frequency......Page 79 Unit 4......Page 83 Comparing Nominal Data......Page 84 Describing the Relationship between Two Quantitative Variables......Page 85 Describing Time Series Data......Page 87 Unit 4 Summary......Page 88 Unit 4 Exercises......Page 89 End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 90 CHAPTER 3: Measures of Centrality and Variation......Page 92 Measures of Centrality......Page 94 The Mean......Page 95 The Median......Page 101 The Mode......Page 103 Unit 1 Summary......Page 105 Unit 1 Exercises......Page 106 Measures of Variation......Page 108 Variance......Page 110 Standard Deviation......Page 112 The Coefficient of Variation......Page 117 Unit 2 Exercises......Page 118 Percentiles: Measures of Relative Standing......Page 120 Interquartile Range and Box Plots......Page 122 Unit 3 Summary......Page 126 Unit 3 Exercises......Page 127 End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 128 CHAPTER 4: Probability......Page 132 The Vocabulary of Probability Theory......Page 133 Assigning Probability......Page 135 Unit 1 Exercises......Page 137 Relationships Between Events......Page 139 Contingency Tables......Page 142 The Addition Rule......Page 144 Conditional Probabilities......Page 147 The Multiplication Rule......Page 149 Unit 2 Summary......Page 150 Unit 2 Exercises......Page 151 Bayes’ Theorem......Page 154 Unit 3 Exercises......Page 160 End-of Chapter Practice......Page 161 CHAPTER 5: Discrete Probability Distributions......Page 166 Random Variables......Page 168 Probability Distribution......Page 170 Bivariate Probability Distributions......Page 174 Unit 1 Summary......Page 178 Unit 1 Exercises......Page 179 The Binomial Distribution......Page 184 Binomial Probability Distribution in Excel......Page 189 Unit 2 Summary......Page 191 Unit 2 Exercises......Page 192 The Poisson Distribution......Page 195 Unit 3 Exercises......Page 198 End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 201 CHAPTER 6: Continuous Probability Distributions......Page 207 Continuous Probability Distributions......Page 208 The Uniform Distribution......Page 210 The Normal Distribution......Page 211 The t-Distribution......Page 213 The Chi-Square Distribution......Page 214 The F-Distribution......Page 215 Unit 1 Summary......Page 216 Working with the Normal Distribution......Page 217 Determining Normal Distribution Probabilities with Excel and with the Standard Normal Distribution Table......Page 223 P-Value......Page 228 Inverse Probability Calculations......Page 229 Unit 2 Exercises......Page 232 End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 235 CHAPTER 7: Introducing Hypothesis Testing......Page 238 Stating Hypotheses......Page 240 Properly Formulating Hypotheses......Page 242 Unit 1 Exercises......Page 244 Sampling Distribution of the Mean......Page 246 The Central Limit Theorem......Page 252 Working with the Sampling Distribution of the Mean......Page 259 Solving Problems by Integrating Concepts from Multiple Chapters......Page 262 Unit 2 Exercises......Page 265 The Logic of Hypothesis Testing......Page 268 Type I and Type II Errors......Page 280 Unit 3 Summary......Page 283 Unit 3 Exercises......Page 285 End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 287 CHAPTER 8: Additional Concepts in Hypothesis Testing......Page 290 The t-Distribution......Page 291 Hypothesis Test of the Population Mean when the Population Standard Deviation is Unknown......Page 295 Unit 1 Summary......Page 306 Unit 1 Exercises......Page 308 Confidence Interval for a Single Population Mean......Page 309 Confidence Interval for the Population Mean when Sigma is Known......Page 311 Confidence Interval for the Population Mean when Sigma is Unknown......Page 315 Unit 2 Summary......Page 317 Unit 2 Exercises......Page 318 End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 321 CHAPTER 9: Hypothesis Testing for a Population Proportion and Variance......Page 325 Test of a Single Population Proportion......Page 326 Sampling Distribution of Proportions......Page 327 Conducting a Hypothesis Test of a Single Population Proportion......Page 330 Confidence Interval for a Single Population Proportion......Page 334 Unit 1 Summary......Page 336 Unit 1 Exercises......Page 337 Test of a Single Population Variance......Page 340 The Chi-Square Distribution......Page 341 Conducting a Hypothesis Test of a Single Population Variance......Page 345 Confidence Interval for a Single Population Variance......Page 350 Unit 2 Summary......Page 352 Unit 2 Exercises......Page 353 End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 355 CHAPTER 10: Hypothesis Testing of Parameters from Two Populations......Page 359 Test of Two Populations’ Proportions......Page 361 Confidence Interval for the Difference between Two Populations’ Proportions......Page 369 Unit 1 Summary......Page 370 Unit 1 Exercises......Page 371 Test of Two Populations’ Variances......Page 374 The F-Distribution......Page 375 Continuing with the Test of Two Populations’ Variances......Page 378 Confidence Interval for the Ratio of Two Populations’ Variances......Page 381 Unit 2 Summary......Page 382 Unit 2 Exercises......Page 384 Test of Two Populations’ Means......Page 385 Test of Two Populations’ Means: Equal Variances and Independent Samples......Page 387 Test of Two Populations’ Means: Unequal Variances and Independent Samples......Page 391 Test of Two Populations’ Means: Paired Samples......Page 394 Confidence Interval for the Difference between Two Populations’ Means......Page 399 Unit 3 Summary......Page 400 Unit 3 Exercises......Page 405 Bringing It All Together......Page 409 End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 412 Chapter 11: Chi-Square Tests......Page 417 Goodness of Fit Test......Page 419 Goodness of Fit Test for Normality......Page 423 Sample Size Considerations......Page 427 Unit 1 Exercises......Page 428 Test of Independence......Page 431 Unit 2 Summary......Page 435 Unit 2 Exercises......Page 436 End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 437 CHAPTER 12: Analysis of Variance......Page 442 Terminology and Assumptions......Page 444 Unit 1 Exercises......Page 448 One-Way ANOVA......Page 449 Unit 2 Summary......Page 458 Unit 2 Exercises......Page 459 Two-Way ANOVA......Page 462 Randomized Block ANOVA Design......Page 464 Two-Factors ANOVA......Page 477 Interpreting Interaction Effects......Page 486 Unit 3 Summary......Page 490 Unit 3 Exercises......Page 492 End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 494 CHAPTER 13: Regression Analysis......Page 497 Terminology and Assumptions......Page 500 Unit 1 Exercises......Page 506 Conducting Regression Analysis......Page 507 The Coefficient of Determination......Page 513 The Standard Error of the Estimate......Page 518 The ANOVA Test......Page 519 The Regression Coefficients......Page 520 Improving the Model......Page 523 Unit 2 Summary......Page 528 Unit 2 Exercises......Page 529 Qualitative Independent Variables......Page 531 Understanding the Intercept......Page 537 Confidence and Prediction Intervals......Page 542 Unit 3 Summary......Page 546 Unit 3 Exercises......Page 547 End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 548 APPENDIX A......Page 552 F-Test: Two Sample for Variances......Page 553 t-Test: Two-Sample, Assuming Unequal Variances......Page 557 t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means......Page 561 Exercises......Page 565 EXCEL FUNCTION INDEX......Page 567 EQUATION INDEX......Page 575 KEY TERM INDEX......Page 594