A History of Science Technology and Philosophy in the 18th Century

Description

Published in 1938: The new volume presents a full and profusely illustrated account of progress made during the eighteenth century in Mathematics, Mechanics, Astronomy, Physics, Meteorology, Geography, Chemistry, Biology, Medicine, Psychology, Demography, Economics, Philosophy, and Technology. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Original Half Title Original Title Page Original Copyright Page Table of Contents List of Illustrations PREFACE CHAPTER I: Introduction THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY THE HERITAGE FROM THE PAST PROGRESS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND PHILOSOPHY THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE ; SECULARISM, RATIONALISM, NATURALISM, HUMANISM DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE ENCYCLOPAEDIAS PERIODICALS PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS—CONSERVATOIRE NATIONAL DES ARTS ET MÉTIERS THE ROYAL INSTITUTION CHAPTER II: Mathematics A.—THE CALCULUS, PROBABILITY, ETC. THE BERNOULLIS EULER LAGRANGE LEGENDRE B.—FLUXIONS AMONG BRITISH MATHEMATICIANS BERKELEY JURIN WALTON ROBINS BROOK TAYLOR SIMPSON MACLAURIN C.—DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY MONGE CHAPTER III: Mechanics A.—GENERAL PRINCIPLES THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF FORCE THE PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL VELOCITIES D’ALEMBERT’S PRINCIPLE THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ACTION EULER’S EQUATIONS LAGRANGE'S EQUATIONS B.—SPECIAL PROBLEMS BERNOULLI ROBINS EULER CLAIRAUT D’ALEMBERT C.—PENDULUM EXPERIMENTS D.—EXPERIMENTAL HYDRODYNAMICS E.—ELASTICITY THEORY OF BEAMS COULOMB’S THEORY OF TORSION CHAPTER IV: Astronomy A.—DYNAMICAL ASTRONOMY IN FRANCE AND GERMANY EULER CLAIRAUT D’ALEMBERT LAGRANGE LAPLACE KANT B.—OBSERVATIONAL ASTRONOMY IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE BRADLEY LA CAILLE LA LANDE MASKELYNE CAVENDISH WILLIAM HERSCHEL GOODRICKE CHAPTER V: Astronomical Instruments A.—MAIN TYPES B.—SOME NOTED INSTRUMENT MAKERS C.—QUADRANTS D.—TRANSIT INSTRUMENTS E.—ZENITH SECTORS TELESCOPES FOR OBSERVING EQUAL ALTITUDES F.—EQUATORIAL TELESCOPES G.—ASTRONOMICAL SECTORS H.—MICROMETERS I.—HEUOMETERS CHAPTER VI: Marine Instruments A.—THE NAUTICAL SEXTANT HOOKE NEWTON HADLEY GODFREY B.—THE MARINE CHRONOMETER HUYGENS HARRISON LE ROY BERTHOUD ARNOLD EARNSHAW SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS CHAPTER VII: Physics: I. Light. II. Sound I. CORPUSCULAR AND WAVE THEORIES OF LIGHT EULER DOLLOND PHOTOMETRY BOUGUER LAMBERT LIGHT AND HEAT AND SPECTRUM ANALYSIS SMITH'S "OPTICKS" II. BEATS AND PITCH THE INTENSITY OF SOUND MEDIA AND VELOCITY OF SOUND LIMITS OF AUDIBILITY CHAPTER VIII: Physics: III. Heat A.—THE CALORIC THEORY B.—THERMAL CAPACITY C.—LATENT HEAT BLACK D.—THE DEVELOPMENT OF CALORIMETRY LA VOISIER, LAPLACE E.—ABSOLUTE ZERO F.—MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION G.—HEAT AND WEIGHT H.—THE MECHANICAL THEORY OF HEAT RUMFORD DAVY I.—OTHER STUDIES IN THE HEAT OF MIXTURES MORIN KRAFFT RICHMANN WILCKE GADOLIN J.—INVISIBLE RADIANT HEAT CHAPTER IX: Physics: IV. Electricity and Magnetism (I) A.—FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY HAUKSBE GRAY DESAGULIERS DU FAY ELECTRICAL MACHINES LEYDEN JAR THE NATURE OF ELECTRICITY FRANKLIN B.—INDUCTION AND PYRO-ELECTRICITY WILCKE AEPINUS CHAPTER X: Physics: IV. Electricity and Magnetism (II) C.—ELECTROSTATICS PRIESTLEY CAVENDISH COULOMB D.—ELECTROMETERS E.—GALVANISM SULZER GALVANI VOLTA RITTER WOLLASTON F.—MAGNETISM COULOMB MAGNETIC DECLINATION CHAPTER XI: Meteorology A.—METEOROLOGICAL LITERATURE WOLFF HANOV COTTE DALTON EPHEMERAL LITERATURE B.—CONCERTED METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATION C.—DE LUC’S THERMO-BAROMETRIC STUDY OF THE ATMOSPHERE D.—THE STUDY OF NORTHERN LIGHTS (AURORA BOREALIS) CHAPTER XII: Meteorological Instruments A.—THERMOMETERS FAHRENHEIT RÉAUMUR CELSIUS MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM THERMOMETERS B.—ANEMOMETERS C.—HYGROMETERS CHAPTER XIII: Chemistry (I) A.—THE PHLOGISTON THEORY BECHER STAHL POTT MACQUER LAVOISIER B.—THE STUDY OF GASES BEFORE LAVOISIER BLACK PRIESTLEY VOLTA RUTHERFORD SCHEELE CAVENDISH CHAPTER XIV: Chemistry (II) C.—THE CHEMICAL RESEARCHES OF LAVOISIER MONGE D.—CHEMICAL AFFINITY AND EQUIVALENTS BERTHOLLET RICHTER FISCHER E.—THE REFORM OF CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER XV: Geology A.—GEOGONY MORO DE MAILLET BUFFON B.—PALAEONTOLOGY LEIBNIZ SCHEUCHZER KNORR WALCH BERINGER C.—VOLCANIC GEOLOGY GUETTARD DESMAREST DE SAUSSURE PALLAS MICHELL D.—PHYSICAL GEOLOGY STRACHEY ARDUINO LEHMANN FÜCHSEL WERNER HUTTON PLAYFAIR HALL CHAPTER XVI: Geography A.—EXPLORATION B.—GEODESY C.—CARTOGRAPHY D.—PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER XVII: Botany A.—THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS LINNAEUS SEXUAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION AND BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE DE JUSSIEU’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION B.—THE MORPHOLOGY OF PLANTS GÄRTNER C.—THE ANATOMY OF PLANTS WOLFF D.—THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS HALES PRIESTLEY INGENHOUSZ SENEBIER DE SAUSSURE E.—SEXUALITY OF PLANTS GREW CAMERARIUS KOELREUTER SPRENGEL CHAPTER XVIII: Zoology A.—THE CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS LINNAEUS' CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE B.—MORPHOLOGY BUFFON RÉAUMUR BONNET LYONET DE GEER ROSENHOF BAKER TREMBLEY C.—EMBRYOLOGY LOGAN MILLER WOLFF HALLER BONNET D.—PHYSIOLOGY HALLER RÉAUMUR SPALLANZANI HALES E.—SPONTANEOUS GENERATION NEEDHAM F.—ANATOMY ALBINUS CAMPER HUNTER PALLAS D'AZYR CUVIER CHAPTER XIX: Medicine A.—CLINICAL TRAINING SYLVIUS BOERHAAVE VAN SWIETEN DE HAEN B.—MORBID ANATOMY MORGAGNI BAILLIE JOHN HUNTER WILLIAM HUNTER C.—HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY HALLER D.—INOCULATION AGAINST SMALLPOX JENNER E.—MEDICAL METHODS AND MEDICAMENTS CHAPTER XX: Technology: I. General. II. Agriculture. III. Textiles I. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY II. AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS AND INVENTIONS III. TEXTILE INVENTIONS SPINNING WEAVING KNITTING BLEACHING DYEING CHAPTER XXI: Technology: IV. Building A.—THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS MUSSCHENBROEK BELIDOR BUFFON COULOMB SOUFFLOT GAUTHEY RONDELET LAMBLARDIE GIRARD RÉAUMUR B.—RETAINING WALLS VAUBAN BULLET COUPLET BELIDOR MAYNIEL GADROY GAUTHEY COULOMB WOLTMANN C.—ARCHES LA HIRE GAUTIER COUPLET DANISY PERRONET COULOM GAUTHEY BOISTARD D.—DOMESTIC BUILDINGS E.—THE DOMESTIC HEARTH CHAPTER XXII: Technology: V. Transport A.—ROADS AND VEHICLES B.—BRIDGES MASONRY BRIDGES IRON BRIDGES C.—CANALS D.—STEAMBOATS E.—HARBOURS AND LIGHTHOUSES F.—BALLOONS AND PARACHUTES CHAPTER XXIII: Technology: VI. Power Plant and Machinery A.—PUMPING PLANT AND WATER-WHEELS B.—WINDMILLS C.—THE MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ROTATING MASSES D.—MACHINE TOOLS CHAPTER XXIV: Technology: VII. The Steam-Engine A.—NEWCOMEN'S ATMOSPHERIC ENGINE B.—WATT’S SEPARATE CONDENSER C.—WATT'S ROTATIVE ENGINE D.—STEAM-ENGINE INVENTIONS CONTEMPORARY WITH THOSE OF WATT CHAPTER XXV: Technology: VIII. Mining and Metallurgy A.—ORE-MINING AND COAL-MINING B.—METALLURGY CHAPTER XXVI: Technology: IX. Industrial Chemistry X. The Making of Lenses and Specula IX. INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY A.—THE MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID B.—THE MANUFACTURE OF ALKALI X. THE MAKING OF LENSES AND SPECULA CHAPTER XXVII: Technology: XI. Mechanical Calculators. XII. Telegraphy. XIII. Miscellaneous XI: MECHANICAL CALCULATORS THE SLIDE RULE CALCULATING MACHINES XII. TELEGRAPHY XIII. MISCELLANEOUS ARGAND’S IMPROVED OIL-LAMP MURDOCK’S INTRODUCTION OF COAL-GAS ILLUMINATION COIN-MINTING BY STEAM POWER WATT’S COPYING PRESS WYATT’S WEIGH-BRIDGE HALES' WINDMILL VENTILATOR CHAPTER XXVIII: Psychology BERKELEY'S "NEW THEORY OF VISION" HUME'S "TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE" HARTLEY'S "OBSERVATIONS ON MAN" DIDEROT'S "LETTERS ON THE BLIND AND DEAF-MUTES" CONDILLAC "TREATISE ON SENSATIONS" BONNET'S "ESSAI DE PSYCHOLOGIE," ETC. CABANIS'S "RAPPORTS DE PHYSIQUE ET DE MORALE" TETENS' "ESSAYS ON HUMAN NATURE" WOLFF'S "PSYCHOLOGIA EMPIRICA," ETC. KANT'S "ANTHROPOLOGY" MENDELSSOHN'S "LETTERS ON THE SENSATIONS" PEREIRE'S PIONEER WORK WITH DEAF-MUTES CHAPTER XXIX: The Social Sciences: I. National Character II. Demography I. CLIMATIC AND OTHER INFLUENCES ON NATIONAL CHARACTER MONTESQUIEU HUME II. DEMOGRAPHY POPULATION STATISTICS IN FRANCE BRITAIN GERMANY, ETC THE SPECTRE OF OVER-POPULATION LIFE OR MORTALITY TABLES AND ANNUITIES, ETC STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY CHAPTER XXX: The Social Sciences: III. Economics CANTILLON'S "ESSAI SUR LE COMMERCE" THE PHYSIOCRATS GOURNAY QUESNAY'S "TABLEAU ÉCONOMIQUE" TURGOT'S “RÉFLEXION SUR LA FORMATION ET LA DISTRIBUTION DES RICHESSES" MIRABEAU'S "PHILOSOPHIE RURALE" ADAM SMITH'S "WEALTH OF NATIONS" CHAPTER XXXI: Philosophy (I) BERKELEY'S IDEALISM HUME'S SCEPTICISM REID'S COMONSENSE REALISM KANT'S TRANSCENDENTALISM CHAPTER XXXII: Philosophy (II) FRENCH SCEPTICS POIRET HUET BAYLE GERMAN RATIONALISTS WOLFF MENDELSSOHN LESSING ENGLISH MATERIALISTS HARTLEY PRIESTLEY DARWIN FRENCH MATERIALISTS LAMETTRIE HOLBACH DIDEROT CABANIS PANTHEISTS TOLAND BUFFON ROBINET A CRUSADING PHILOSOPHER VOLTAIRE Index