Nutraceuticals for Aging and Anti-Aging: Basic Understanding and Clinical Evidence

Description

Aging can be perceived differently during different times in one’s life. Aging as a process not only influences medical and economic dimensions at an individual level but also at societal and national levels. Aging is a natural process; however, its standard definition in a healthcare context is yet unclear. To delay the aging process and to maintain quality of life until the end of life are two goals of prime importance. Various healthcare approaches are being developed and experimented on to best manage aging as if it is a disease. Nutraceuticals are value-added dietary supplement products and have an immense potential in altering key structures and functions of aging. Nutraceuticals can be a keystone in altering sub-normal performing physiological and metabolic systems due to aging. Nutraceuticals for Aging and Anti-Aging: Basic Understanding and Clinical Evidence addresses aging and anti-aging nutraceuticals based on 10 major challenges, such as cognitive health, malnutrition, substance abuse, bladder control, and oral health, among others. It examines how these challenges can be complemented with nutraceuticals and connects the applications with the traditional wisdom of the aging process. Key Features Examines the aging process, then recommends nutraceuticals for aging and anti-aging processes Describes the aging process from the western perspective, and Ayurvedic medicine (Indian traditional system) and traditional Chinese medicine perspectives Provides, whenever possible, the clinical evidence of the applications of nutraceuticals for aging and anti-aging This book is a valuable resource for physicians, clinical experts, pharmaceutical companies and their experts, nutrition specialists, entrepreneurs, chemists, pharmacists, food chemists-technologists, as well as researchers and post-graduate students involved in these specialties. Also available in the Nutraceuticals: Basic Research/Clinical Applications Series: Bioactive Peptides: Production, Bioavailability, Health Potential, and Regulatory Issues, edited byJohn O. Onuh,M. Selvamuthukumaran, and Yashwant V. Pathak (ISBN: 978-0-3675-1177-7) Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, edited byPriyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, and Yashwant V. Pathak (ISBN 978-1-1383-4582-9) Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer: Recent Research Trends and Clinical Applications, edited by Sheeba Varghese Gupta, and Yashwant V. Pathak (ISBN 978-1-1385-9391-6) Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Foreword Preface Editors Contributors 1 Trends in the Functional Food Market and Nutraceutical Product Development 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Classification 1.3 Functional food categories and ingredients 1.4 Formulation approaches 1.5 Functional food market 1.6 Regulatory guidelines of functional food in different countries References 2 Importance of Integrative Health Sciences in Antiaging Nutraceutical Development 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Wisdom of antiaging in ancient health sciences 2.3 Contribution of cognition, intelligence, perception, psychology, and emotional intelligence in antiaging 2.4 Impact of time and space elements in antiaging 2.5 Spiritual science of antiaging 2.6 Role of Rasayana Ayurveda (Indian System of Medicine) in antiaging nutraceutical development 2.7 Role of Ashtanga Yoga in antiaging nutraceutical development 2.8 Role of traditional Chinese medicine in antiaging nutraceutical development References 3 Ayurvedic Perspective of Aging and Antiaging with Special Reference to Rasayana 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Concept of aging in Ayurveda 3.3 Classification of age 3.4 Characteristics of aging 3.5 Types of aging 3.6 Sequential loss of biological attributes in aging 3.7 Key factors affecting aging 3.8 Dosha and aging 3.9 Dhatu and aging 3.10 Mala and aging 3.11 Agni and aging 3.12 Ojas and aging 3.13 Prakriti and aging 3.14 Mind and aging 3.15 Diet, lifestyle, and aging 3.16 Mechanism of aging 3.17 Antiaging: key to positive health 3.18 Concept of antiaging in Ayurveda 3.19 Rasayana definition 3.20 Classification of Rasayana 3.21 Types of Rasayana treatment 3.22 Mode of action 3.23 Role of Rasayana in healthy aging 3.24 Decade-wise selection of Rasayana 3.25 Rasayana selection according to seven dhatus (tissue-specific) 3.26 Vayasthapana herbs 3.27 Summary References 4 Changes in the Regulation of Energy Metabolism with Aging Nutraceutical Applications 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The metabolism of energy 4.1.1.1 Basic terms of the metabolism of energy 4.2 ATP 4.2.1 The role of organs in the metabolism of energy 4.2.1.1 Liver 4.2.2 Further organs 4.2.2.1 Kidneys 4.2.2.2 Skeletal muscles 4.2.2.3 Adipose tissue 4.2.2.4 Brain 4.2.3 Human metabolism of nutrients 4.2.4 Energy metabolism historical review 4.3 What is the regulation of energy metabolism? 4.4 How energy metabolism gets affected during aging processes? 4.5 What are the outcomes of the loss of such activity? 4.6 Other materials used in recovery? 4.6.1 Functional food 4.6.2 Medical foods 4.6.3 Dietary supplements 4.7 How can nutraceuticals help in recovery? 4.8 Conclusion References 5 Neurodegenerative and Cognition Losses during Aging (Memory) and Nutraceuticals 5.1 What are the neurodegenerative and cognition losses during aging? 5.2 Omega-3 fatty acids 5.3 Polyphenols 5.4 Flavonoids 5.5 Carotenoids 5.6 Probiotics 5.7 Ginseng 5.8 Garlic 5.9 Vitamins References 6 Nutraceutical Activation of the Transcription Factor Nrf2 as a Potential Approach for Modulation of Aging 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The role of Nrf2 in reducing oxidative stress 6.3 The role of Nrf2 in aging 6.4 The beneficial properties of flavonoids 6.5 The effect of flavonoids on Nrf2 expression 6.6 Quercetin 6.7 Tangeretin 6.8 Resveratrol 6.9 Caffeic acid 6.10 Epigallocatechin gallate 6.11 Gallic acid 6.12 Luteolin 6.13 7-O-methylbiochanin A 6.14 Conclusion References 7 Nutraceuticals Against Neurodegeneration: Understanding the Mechanistic Pathways Acronyms 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Alzheimer’s disease 7.1.2 Parkinson’s disease 7.1.3 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 7.1.4 Huntington’s disease 7.2 Mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration 7.2.1 Mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated neuronal damage 7.2.2 Intracellular calcium overload-mediated neuronal damage 7.2.3 Oxidative stress-mediated neuronal damage 7.2.4 Inflammation-mediated neuronal damage 7.2.5 DNA damage-mediated neuronal damage 7.3 Nutraceuticals against neurodegeneration 7.3.1 Curcumin 7.3.2 Resveratrol 7.3.3 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) 7.3.4 Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) 7.3.5 Quercetin 7.3.6 Hesperidin 7.3.7 Vitamin C 7.3.8 Vitamin D 7.3.9 Vitamin E 7.3.10 Ginsenosides 7.3.11 Polyunsaturated fatty acids 7.4 Concluding remarks References 8 Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals in the Management of Endocrine Disorders, Endocrinological Challenges in Aging and Nutraceuticals 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Aging mannerisms and endocrine applicability 8.2.1 Ayurveda concept of antiaging 8.2.2 Endocrine hormones and antiaging process 8.2.2.1 Growth hormone 8.2.3 Melatonin 8.2.4 Testosterone 8.2.5 Dihydroepiandrosterone 8.2.6 Endocrine disorders and nutraceuticals 8.2.7 Dyslipidaemia and obesity 8.2.7.1 Tinospora cordifolia 8.2.7.2 Cyperus rotundus 8.2.7.3 Takrarishta 8.2.7.4 Honey 8.2.7.5 Vidanga 8.2.7.6 Hordeum vulgare 8.2.7.7 Emblica officilnalis 8.2.7.8 Terminalia chebula 8.3 Osteoporosis 8.3.1 Cedrus deodara 8.3.2 Gmelina arborea 8.3.3 Vitis vinifera 8.3.4 Asparagus racemosus 8.3.5 Boerhavia diffusa 8.3.6 Cynodon dactylon 8.3.7 Curcumin longa 8.3.8 Terminalia chebula 8.3.9 Glycyrrhiza glabra 8.4 Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism 8.5 Diabetes mellitus 8.5.1 Emblica officinalis 8.5.2 Symplocus racemosus 8.5.3 Terminalia chebula 8.5.4 Curcuma longa 8.5.5 Cedrus deodara 8.5.6 Tinospora cordifolia 8.5.7 Terminalia bellerica 8.5.8 Plumbago zeylanica 8.5.9 Holarrhena antidysenterica 8.5.10 Berberis aristata 8.5.10.1 Honey 8.6 Challenges in the promotion of nutraceuticals as antiaging References 9 Molecular Mechanisms to Understand Aging and Immune Function and Nutraceutical Interventions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Innate (nonspecific) immunity 9.2.1 Neutrophils 9.2.2 Macrophages 9.2.3 Microglia 9.2.4 Dendritic cells 9.2.5 Natural killer cells 9.3 Adaptive (specific) immunity 9.3.1 B cells 9.3.2 T cells 9.4 Intervention of nutraceuticals in aging 9.4.1 Micronutrients 9.4.1.1 Zinc 9.4.1.2 Copper 9.4.1.3 Iron 9.4.1.4 Selenium 9.4.2 Prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotics 9.4.3 Dietary lipids 9.4.4 Polyphenols 9.5 Conclusion References 10 A Transdisciplinary Approach for Ocular Aging Based on Nutritional Principles in Ayurveda 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Netra (EYE) – Ayurvedic perspective 10.2.1 Etymological derivations and synonyms of the eye in Ayurveda texts 10.2.2 Predominance of Mahabhoota in the eye 10.2.3 Association of Tridosha and ocular health 10.2.3.1 Vata Dosha 10.2.3.2 Pitta dosha 10.2.3.3 Kapha dosha 10.3 Physiology of vision 10.3.1 Contact of an object with the sense organ (Indriyarthasannikarsha) 10.3.2 Analysis of object (Roopalochanam) 10.3.3 Stage of knowledge (Dnyanotpatti) 10.3.4 Visual perceptions 10.4 Theory of aging in conventional science 10.4.1 Chronological aging 10.4.2 Biological aging 10.4.3 Programmed theory 10.4.3.1 Programmed longevity 10.4.3.2 Endocrine theory 10.4.3.3 Immunological theory 10.4.4 Damage/error theory 10.4.4.1 Wear and tear theory 10.4.4.2 Rate of living theory 10.4.4.3 Cross-linking theory 10.4.4.4 Free radical theory 10.4.5 Somatic DNA damage theory 10.5 Aging in Ayurveda 10.5.1 Ayu 10.5.2 Physiology of aging in Ayurveda 10.5.3 Aging and dhatu 10.5.4 Oja vis-à-vis aging 10.5.5 Oja vis-à-vis immunity 10.5.6 Dosha and Immunity 10.6 Ocular immunity 10.6.1 Mucosal immunity 10.6.2 Anterior chamber 10.6.3 Cornea 10.6.4 Ocular allergy 10.6.5 Dry eye syndromes 10.6.6 Infections to the eye 10.7 Ocular aging 10.7.1 Eyelids and lacrimal system 10.7.2 Corneal changes 10.7.3 Trabecular meshwork and uveal changes 10.7.4 Lens 10.7.5 Vitreous 10.7.6 Retina 10.8 Clinical conditions due to aging and immunity 10.8.1 Cataract: The most common condition in ocular aging 10.8.2 Ocular malignancies 10.9 Aetiology as per Ayurveda in current lifestyle 10.10 Pathogenesis vis-à-vis dietary misconduct in ophthalmic disorders 10.11 Ayurveda guidelines for ocular diseases with nutraceutical perspectives 10.12 Do’s and don’ts in eye diseases as per Ayurveda 10.13 Dietary recommendations for maintaining healthy ocular functions 10.14 Ocular surface microbiome (OSM) – A link for therapeutic activity of Kriya-kalpa in netraroga 10.15 Summary References 11 Nutritional Psychiatry as Basis of Nutraceutical Development for Mental Illness in Aging Population 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Role of various micronutrients on mental nourishment and metabolism in psychology 11.3 General Ayurvedic dietary guidelines 11.4 Role of Rasa (tastes) in psychological health 11.5 Liaison of nutrition and sleep 11.6 Ayurvedic view on sleep nutrition and geriatric psychiatry 11.7 Ayurvedic nutraceutical concept for sleep disorders in geriatric psychiatry 11.8 Bright features of the nutraceuticals in Ayurvedic preparations 11.9 Nootropic herbs used in diet and medicine preparation of geriatric psychological management References 12 Skeletomuscular Losses in Aging and Nutraceuticals 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Skeletal muscle loss with aging (Sarcopenia) 12.2.1 Gross morphological changes 12.2.2 Physiological changes in sarcopenia 12.2.3 Changes at the molecular level 12.3 Bone loss in aging (osteopenia or osteoporosis) 12.3.1 Gross morphological changes 12.3.2 Physiological changes 12.3.3 Changes at the molecular level 12.4 Techniques measurement for muscle and bone loss 12.4.1 Assessment of body composition 12.4.2 Anthropometry 12.4.3 Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) 12.4.4 Quantitative imaging techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis and sarcopenia 12.4.4.1 DXA for measurement of osteoporosis and sarcopenia 12.4.4.2 Computed tomography (CT) 12.4.4.3 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 12.4.4.4 Ultrasound 12.5 Nutraceuticals 12.5.1 Nutraceuticals for bone health 12.5.1.1 Minerals 12.5.1.2 Herbs and phytochemicals 12.5.1.3 Dietary products 12.5.1.4 Miscellaneous 12.5.2 Nutraceuticals for muscle health 12.5.2.1 Amino acid supplements and its metabolites 12.5.2.2 Micronutrients 12.5.2.3 Miscellaneous 12.6 Conclusion and future direction References 13 Nutritional Psychiatry in Aging: Leads from Ayurveda with Clinical Evidence 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Process of cognition 13.3 Prakriti (constitution) and features associated with mental aging 13.4 Nutritional beginning of psyche development 13.5 Food and cognition 13.6 Dietary products or nutritional supplement 13.7 Food articles: Soups, salads, yavagu (base of Rice) and yusha (base of legumes) 13.8 Extracts 13.9 Ksheerpaka: herbal milk/latte 13.10 Siddha ghrita 13.11 Herbo-minerals drugs 13.12 Challenges and future scope 13.13 Summary References 14 Epigenetics and Aging 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The role of epigenetics in aging 14.2.1 DNA methylation in aging 14.2.2 Histone modifications in aging 14.2.3 Noncoding RNA in aging 14.3 The role of epigenetics in age-related diseases 14.4 Cellular, animal and insect models to get insights of epigenetics in aging 14.5 Effect of nutrition on epigenetic alteration and aging 14.5.1 Flavonoids 14.5.1.1 Curcumin 14.5.1.2 Quercetin 14.5.1.3 Apigenin 14.5.2 Polyphenol catechins 14.5.2.1 Epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) 14.5.3 Stillbenoids 14.5.3.1 Resveratrol 14.5.3.2 Pterostilbene 14.5.4 Isoflavonoids 14.5.4.1 Genistein 14.5.5 Isothiocyanates 14.5.5.1 Sulforaphane 14.5.6 Short-chain fatty acids 14.5.6.1 Butyrate 14.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 15 Cancer during Aging and Nutraceuticals for Prevention and Mitigation 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Aging: a high-risk factor for cancer 15.2.1 Intrinsic, extrinsic, or inherited mutations, genetic instability and epigenetic alterations 15.2.2 Dysregulated “Hayflick limit”, senescence and telomere shortening 15.2.3 Compromised immunity 15.2.4 Dysregulated proteostasis and Autophagy malfunction 15.2.5 Dysfunctional cell purging and cell competition 15.2.6 Decontrolled nutrient sensing and mitochondrial malfunction 15.2.7 Age-related frailty 15.3 Common mechanisms and molecular targets of chemopreventive and anticancer nutraceuticals 15.3.1 Oxidative stress regulation 15.3.2 Cytoprotective enzyme activation and defense mechanisms 15.3.2.1 Inhibition of phase I metabolizing enzymes 15.3.2.2 Induction of phase II metabolizing enzymes 15.3.3 Modulation in signal transduction 15.3.4 Cell apoptosis 15.3.5 Senolytic and anti-senescence activity 15.4 Nutraceuticals for prevention, treatment and mitigation of cancer in the geriatric population 15.4.1 Polyphenols 15.4.2 Terpenoids (terpenes) 15.4.3 Alkaloids 15.4.4 Organosulphur compounds 15.4.5 Vitamins, micronutrients and minerals 15.4.6 Probiotics and prebiotics 15.4.7 Oryzanol 15.5 Recent novel approaches for enhanced nutraceutical efficacy 15.6 Outlook Acknowledgment References 16 Gastrointestinal Tract and Digestion Challenges in Aging and Nutraceuticals 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The aging GIT 16.2.1 Effect of aging on gastrointestinal motor functions 16.2.1.1 Esophageal motility 16.2.1.2 Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit 16.2.1.3 Colonic transit 16.2.2 Effect of aging on gastrointestinal histology 16.2.2.1 Gastrointestinal mucosal growth control 16.2.2.2 Gastrointestinal carcinogenesis 16.2.2.3 Gastric changes 16.2.2.4 Small bowel changes 16.3 Malnutrition and the aging GIT 16.3.1 Causes of malnutrition in the elderly 16.3.1.1 Physiological decline 16.3.1.2 Appetite 16.3.1.3 Taste and smell 16.3.1.4 Mastication and swallowing 16.3.1.5 Diseases and disabilities 16.3.1.6 Psychological factors 16.3.1.7 Lifestyle and socioeconomic status 16.3.2 Malnutrition aftereffects on the health status of the elderly 16.4 GIT disorders in the elderly 16.4.1 Functional gastrointestinal disorders 16.4.1.1 Xerostomia and dysgeusia 16.4.1.2 Dysphagia and odynophagia 16.4.1.3 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) 16.4.1.4 Atrophic gastritis 16.4.1.5 Functional dyspepsia 16.4.1.6 Peptic ulcer disease 16.4.1.7 Constipation 16.4.2 Structural gastrointestinal disorders 16.4.2.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) 16.4.2.2 Hemorrhoids 16.4.2.3 Diverticular disease 16.4.2.4 Colorectal cancer 16.4.2.5 Cholelithiasis 16.5 Nutraceuticals in gastrointestinal disorders 16.5.1 Dietary fiber 16.5.2 Herbs and spices 16.5.3 Antioxidant nutrients 16.5.4 Fat-soluble vitamins 16.5.5 Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics 16.5.6 Polyphenols 16.5.7 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 16.5.8 Phytosterols 16.5.9 Other nutraceuticals 16.6 Concluding remarks Conflict of Interest References 17 Oro-Dental Challenges during Aging and Nutraceuticals 17.1 Oral health, general health and quality of life 17.2 Age-related oral changes 17.3 Oral health problems in elder populace 17.3.1 Root carries 17.3.2 Tooth loss 17.3.3 Periodontal disease 17.3.3.1 Gingivitis 17.3.3.2 Periodontitis 17.3.4 Candidiasis 17.3.5 Xerostomia 17.3.6 Denture-related conditions 17.3.7 Oral cancer 17.4 Need for nutraceuticals for the elder 17.5 Nutraceuticals for improving oral health of elders 17.5.1 Vitamins 17.5.1.1 Vitamin A 17.5.1.2 Vitamin D 17.5.1.3 Vitamin C 17.5.1.4 Vitamin E 17.5.1.5 Vitamin B complex 17.5.2 Minerals 17.5.3 Polyphenols 17.5.4 Curcumin 17.5.5 Flavonoids 17.5.6 Tea 17.5.7 Carotenoids 17.5.8 Probiotics 17.5.9 Coenzyme Q10 17.5.10 Resveratrol 17.5.11 Cranberry 17.5.12 Aloe vera 17.6 Conclusion References 18 Role of Nutraceuticals in Human Postnatal Stem Cell Aging 18.1 Introduction 18.1.1 Replicative senescence 18.1.2 Stress-induced premature senescence 18.1.3 Mechanism of senescence 18.1.4 Senescence-associated secretory phenotype 18.1.5 Mechanism of SASP 18.2 Features of cellular senescence 18.2.1 SA ß-galactosidase activity 18.2.2 Morphological changes 18.2.3 Cell cycle arrest 18.2.4 Nuclear shape 18.3 Mesenchymal stem cells 18.3.1 Mesenchymal stem cells and senescence 18.3.2 Implications of senescence on MSC function 18.3.3 Senescence regulation by senolytics and senostatics 18.4 Nutraceutical-based senolytics and senostatics 18.4.1 Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids 18.4.2 Curcumin 18.4.3 Quercetin 18.4.4 Olive phenols 18.4.5 Green tea catechins 18.4.6 Fisetin 18.4.7 Resveratol 18.4.8 Naringin 18.4.9 Herbs as senostatics 18.5 Conclusion and future direction Acknowledgement References 19 Nutraceuticals and Challenges Faced by Aging Populations in U.S. Nursing Homes 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Role of med-tech in nursing homes 19.3 Nutraceuticals, herbal medicines, and functional foods 19.4 Role of nutrition in aging populations 19.5 Challenges faced by aging populations in nursing homes 19.6 Concept of nutraceuticals, herbal medicine, and functional food in aging populations 19.7 Increasing consumption of herbal products by aging populations 19.8 Nutraceuticals/functional foods: Dementia and blood flow 19.9 Dementia and flavonoids 19.10 Challenges with cerebral functions in aging populations 19.11 Warfarin and nutraceuticals 19.12 Flavonoid-based nutraceuticals for aging populations 19.13 Nutraceuticals/functional foods: memory loss 19.14 Ginkgo Biloba-Based nutraceuticals and cognitive functions in aging populations 19.15 Herbal medicine: marijuana in older adults 19.16 CBD products and aging populations in nursing homes 19.17 Herbal medicine: why marijuana? 19.18 Cost effectiveness: Pharmaceuticals 19.19 Cost effectiveness: Nutraceuticals 19.20 Conclusion References 20 Neurodegenerative Mechanistic Pathways with Focus on Ayurveda Point of View and Applications of Nutraceuticals 20.1 Neurodegeneration 20.1.1 Dysfunction of the macroautophagy pathway 20.1.2 Oxidative stress in neurodegeneration 20.2 Calcium dysregulation in the mechanism of neurodegenerative disease 20.3 Secondary effects of Ca[sup(2+)] in neurodegeneration 20.4 Neuronal Regeneration 20.5 Experimental approaches to stimulate neuronal/axonal regeneration in CNS 20.6 Insight into neuronal regeneration from traditional medicinal system 20.7 Nutraceuticals in the traditional eastern plants and practices 20.8 How nutraceuticals help achieve balance for the body Acknowledgement References 21 Regulations and Intellectual Property Rights in Anti-aging Nutraceuticals 21.1 Introduction 21.2 IPR and nutraceuticals industry 21.3 Market exclusivity 21.4 Country-specific regulations for nutraceuticals 21.4.1 United States of America (USA) 21.4.2 European Union (EU) 21.4.3 India 21.4.4 Canada 21.4.5 Japan 21.4.6 Australia 21.4.7 Russia 21.4.8 China 21.5 Country-specific IP norms for nutraceuticals 21.6 International treaties and convention 21.6.1 The Nagoya Protocol 21.6.2 WIPO: The Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore 21.6.3 International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants 21.7 Conclusion References 22 Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals in the Management of Endocrine Disorders 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals 22.2.1 Nutraceuticals in endocrine disease 22.2.2 Linking endocrine disease and nutraceuticals and nutrition 22.3 Nutraceutical/dietary supplements in endocrine disorder 22.3.1 Diabetes 22.3.1.1 Nutraceutical antidiabetic herbs 22.3.2 Metabolic syndrome (MetS) 22.3.2.1 Functional foods: Plant proteins 22.3.2.2 Lupin 22.3.2.3 Soy proteins 22.3.2.4 Prebiotics, symbiotic and the major traits of metabolic syndrome 22.3.2.5 Vitamin D 22.3.2.6 Curcumin 22.3.2.7 Red yeast rice (RYR) 22.3.3 Obesity 22.3.4 Thyroid disorders 22.3.4.1 Carnitine 22.3.4.2 Resveratrol 22.3.4.3 Selenium 22.3.5 Bone disorders 22.3.5.1 Rickets/osteomalacia 22.3.5.2 Osteoporosis 22.3.5.3 Fluorosis 22.3.6 Gonadal disorders 22.3.7 Growth disorders 22.4 The future of nutraceuticals 22.5 Conclusion References 23 Disorders of the Urogenital System in Aging and Nutraceuticals 23.1 Introduction 23.1.1 Multifaceted mechanisms of the aging process 23.2 Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals 23.2.1 Dietary supplements 23.2.2 The geriatric population 23.2.3 Nutrient adequacy and supplement use 23.3 Geriatric urology 23.3.1 Urinary incontinence 23.3.2 Urinary tract infections (UTIs) 23.3.3 Prostate diseases 23.3.4 Other genitourinary malignancies 23.3.5 Sexual dysfunction 23.4 Nutritional consideration for elderly 23.4.1 Nutritional supplements 23.4.1.1 Protein 23.4.1.2 Potassium 23.4.2 Supplementary dietary botanicals for geriatrics 23.4.2.1 Cranberry and oregano for longevity promotion 23.4.2.2 Nectarine and acai for lifespan extension 23.4.2.3 Herbal supplements like Ginseng, Yohimbine and Icariin 23.4.2.4 Saw Palmetto 23.4.2.5 African plum tree 23.4.2.6 Pumpkin seed 23.4.2.7 Rye pollen 23.4.2.8 Stinging nettle 23.4.2.9 South African star Grass 23.4.2.10 Quercetin 23.4.2.11 PC-SPES and imitators 23.4.3 Micronutrients and multivitamins 23.4.3.1 Zinc 23.4.3.2 Selenium 23.4.3.3 Vitamin E 23.4.3.4 Vitamin D 23.4.3.5 Low fat 23.5 Conclusion References 24 Nutrient Supplements in the Treatment of Mental Disorders in the Aging Population 24.1 General introduction 24.2 Probiotics, prebiotic supplements and aging population 24.2.1 Gut microbiota, the basis of probiotic and prebiotic supplements 24.2.2 Probiotics and prebiotics 24.2.3 Probiotics and prebiotics in the elderly: Clinical evidence 24.2.4 Probiotics and prebiotics in mental health 24.3 The role of antioxidants and amino acids in the mental health of the elderly 24.3.1 The importance of antioxidants in our diet 24.3.2 Classification of antioxidants 24.3.3 Oxidative stress, antioxidants and brain health 24.3.4 Restoration of levels of antioxidants 24.3.5 Amino acid supplementation in the mental health of the elderly 24.4 The role of vitamins and minerals as nutrient supplements (nutraceuticals) in the treatment of mental disorders in the aging population 24.4.1 The basis for the use vitamins and minerals in mental health 24.4.2 The use of vitamins in depression 24.4.3 Vitamins use in bipolar disorders 24.4.4 The use of minerals and vitamins in schizophrenia 24.5 The roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as nutrients supplement in the treatment of mental disorders in aging population 24.5.1 Overview of the use of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as nutrients supplements 24.5.2 Types of PUFAs and their sources 24.5.3 Relation of PUFA to mental disorders 24.5.4 The role of PUFAs in depression 24.5.5 The role of PUFAs in schizophrenia 24.5.6 The role of PUFAs in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) 24.5.7 The role of PUFAs in dementia syndrome 24.5.8 The role of PUFAs in bipolar disorder 24.6 Conclusion and future considerations References 25 Safety and Efficacy Determination in Antiaging Nutraceuticals 25.1 Aging 25.2 Signs of aging 25.3 Theories of aging 25.4 Free radical theory 25.5 Stochastic theory 25.6 Mitochondrial decline theory 25.7 Theory of ubiquitin proteasomal system decline 25.8 Immunologic theory 25.9 Nutraceuticals 25.10 Nutraceuticals for deficiency 25.11 Why are nutraceuticals needed? 25.12 Important nutrients for slowing the aging process 25.13 State of the art and future trend 25.14 The need for scientific rationale 25.15 Safety and efficacy 25.16 Safety and efficacy determination of antiaging nutraceuticals 25.17 Surface evaluation of living skin (SELS) 25.18 Tran epidermal water loss (TEWL) 25.19 Electroconductivity (EC) References Index