The Invention of the White Race, Volume 1: Racial Oppression and Social Control

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When the first Africans arrived in Virginia in 1619, there were no “white” people there. Nor, according to colonial records, would there be for another sixty years. In this seminal two-volume work, The Invention of the White Race, Theodore W. Allen tells the story of how America’s ruling classes created the category of the “white race” as a means of social control. Since that early invention, white privileges have enforced the myth of racial superiority, and that fact has been central to maintaining ruling-class domination over ordinary working people of all colors throughout American history. Volume I draws lessons from Irish history, comparing British rule in Ireland with the “white” oppression of Native Americans and African Americans. Allen details how Irish immigrants fleeing persecution learned to spread racial oppression in their adoptive country as part of white America. Since publication in the mid-nineties, The Invention of the White Race has become indispensable in debates on the origins of racial oppression in America. In this updated edition, scholar Jeffrey B. Perry provides a new introduction, a short biography of the author and a study guide. “A monumental study of the birth of racism in the American South which makes truly new and convincing points about one of the most critical problems in US history ... a highly original and seminal work.”—David Roediger “A powerful and polemical study.”—Times Literary Supplement “In a masterful two-volume work, Theodore Allen transforms the reader’s understanding of race and racial oppression from what mainstream history often portrays as an unfortunate sideshow in U.S. history to a central feature in the construction of U.S. (and indeed global) capitalism ... more than a look at history; it is a foundation for a path toward social justice.”—Bill Fletcher Jr., coauthor of Solidarity Divided: The Crisis in Organized Labor and a New Path Toward Social Justice “A must read for all social justice activists, teachers, and scholars.”—Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, author of Red Dirt: Growing Up Okie “A trailblazing study, which has become required reading for students of Irish history, race theory, and U.S. labor-capital relations.”—Noel Ignatiev, coeditor of Race Traitor, author of How the Irish Became White “A real tour de force, a welcome return to empiricism in the subfield of race studies, and a timely reintroduction of class into the discourse on American exceptionalism.”—Times Higher Education Supplement “As magisterial and comprehensive as the day it was first published, Theodore Allen’s The Invention of the White Race continues to set the intellectual, analytical and rhetorical standard when it comes to understanding the real roots of white supremacy, its intrinsic connection to the class system, and the way in which persons committed to justice and equity might move society to a different reality.”—Tim Wise, author of White Like Me: Reflections on Race from a Privileged Son “One of the most important books of U.S. history ever written. It illuminates the origins of the largest single obstacle to progressive change and working-class power in the U.S.: racism and white supremacy.”—Joe Berry, author of Reclaiming the Ivory Tower “As organizers of workers, we cannot effectively counter the depth of white racism in the U.S. if we don’t understand its origin and mechanisms. Ted has figured something out that can guide our work—it’s groundbreaking and it’s eye-opening.”—Gene Bruskin, U.S. Labor Against the War “An intriguing book that will be cited in all future discussions about the origins of racism and slavery in America.”—Labor Studies Journal “A must read for educators, scholars and social change activists—now more than ever! Ted Allen’s writings illuminate the centrality of how white supremacy continues to work in maintaining a powerless American working class.”—Tami Gold, director of RFK in the Land of Apartheid and My Country Occupied in Slave Plantation Societies “Few books are capable of carrying the profound weight of being deemed to be a classic—this is surely one. Indeed, if one has to read one book to provide a foundation for understanding the contemporary U.S.—read this one.”—Gerald Horne, author of Negro Comrades of the Crown “A richly researched and highly suggestive analysis ... Indispensable for readers interested in the disposition of power in Ireland, in the genesis of racial oppression in the U.S., or in the fluidity of ‘race’ and the historic vicissitudes of ‘whiteness.’”—Choice “The Invention of the White Race’s contributions to the debates on notions of a ‘white race’ are unquestionable and its relevance not simply for scholars of American history but for those interested in notions of race and class in any historical and geographical setting is beyond doubt.”—Labour History Review “Theodore W. Allen has enlisted me as a devoted reader.”—Metro Times Literary Quarterly “The most important book on the origin of racism in what was to become the United States—and more important now perhaps than when it was first released in the mid nineties.”—Gregory Meyerson, coeditor of Cultural Logic “This ‘modern classic’ presents an essential reconstruction of concepts necessary to any understanding of the Western heritage in the context of World history.”—Wilson J. Moses, author of The Golden Age of Black Nationalism “Truly original, and worthy of renewed engagement.”—Bruce Nelson, author of Irish Nationalists and the Making of the Irish Race “The Invention of the White Race is an important work for its meticulously researched materials and its insights into colonial history. Its themes and perspectives should be made available to all scholars ... A classic without which no future American history will be written.”—Audrey Smedley, author of Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview “The most comprehensive and meticulously documented presentation of the historical, or as he calls it, ‘sociogenic’ theory of racial oppression.”—Freedom Road Magazine “In Volume One of The Invention of the White Race: Racial Oppression and Social Control, Theodore W. Allen painstakingly sets out the historical precedents, the comparative case studies, the means to dissect threadbare explanations of contemporary racism, and then provides us with nimble heuristic devices to disentangle the snarled derivatives of the white supremacy ideology we face today. But it is Volume Two (The Origin of Racial Oppression in Anglo-America) which so many of us working on civil rights in the South still carry in our mental knapsack into combat with the remaining diehard Confederistas who continue their sniping at people of color and insinuating their propaganda into the conservative legislative agenda. Volume Two in particular, with its penetrating narrative about the origins of white supremacy and slavery, much of it unfolding in Virginia, is of special inspiration to me and my civil rights comrades in the Old Dominion. It spells out hope and erases all doubt, even among former skeptics, that white supremacy is not an inherent condition, but a cruel contrivance created and nurtured by the powerful few to master the rest of us. And in Ted Allen’s analysis dwells the heartening prospect that this invention, like all such fabrications, can be dismembered and its fragments thrown upon the waste heap of history.”—Edward H. Peeples, Ph.D., Associate Professor Emeritus, Virginia Commonwealth University; Civil rights activist; author, Twentieth Century Scalawag: A White Southerner’s Journey through Segregation to Human Rights Activism “The profound insights in The Invention of the White Race are essential both to understand the origins and destructiveness of white supremacy and to provide the means to conduct struggle against it. Allen’s study is mandatory reading for everyone concerned with justice, equality, and the liberation of all from the binds of white supremacy.”—Mark Solomon, author of The Cry Was Unity “[The Invention of the White Race] will change your life and outlook forever. You simply can’t understand America and who we are without this book.”—Carl Davidson, author of New Paths to Socialism “If one wants to understand the current, often contradictory, system of racial oppression in the United States —- and its historical origins —- there is only one place to start: Theodore Allen’s brilliant, illuminating, The Invention of the White Race.”—Michael Goldfield, author of The Color of Politics: Race and the Mainsprings of American Politics “Immigration historians should be particularly interested in Allen’s analysis of how the Irish, victims of racial oppression at home, learned that they were ‘white’ once they crossed the Atlantic and became ... supporters of a system of racial oppression in the United States.”—Journal of American Ethnic History “Allen has produced a two-volume tour de force that situates the development of racism, white supremacy, and racial identities in context of the sixteenth and seventeenth century British conquest of Ireland, the Atlantic slave trade, the rise of chattel bond-servitude in the Caribbean and English-speaking North America, and the destruction of Native American societies.”—Charles L. Lumpkins, author of American Pogrom: The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics “Anyone who wants to understand the peculiar state of working class organizing in the USA ... needs to study and learn from the insights provided by the work of ... Allen.”—George N. Schmidt, editor of Substance News “This outstanding, insightful original work with profound implications for the fractured working class protest tradition of the United States could not be more timely as working people throughout the world are shamelessly robbed and dispossessed by the financial manipulations of our Wall Street titans still wielding their poison bait of white skin privilege.”—Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, author of Social Control in Slave Plantation Societies “. . . Essential reading for all students of race and power in America. This path-breaking research reframes and cuts across the disciplines of history, sociology and politics, shedding a dynamic new light on the important and often hidden phenomenon of race in America’s cultural evolution.&rdq... Theodore W. Allen (1919–2005) was an anti–white supremacist, working-class intellectual and activist who began his pioneering work on “white skin privilege” and “white race” privilege in 1965. He co-authored the influential White Blindspot (1967), authored “Can White Workers Radicals Be Radicalized?” (1969), and wrote the ground-breaking Class Struggle and the Origin of Racial Slavery: The Invention of the White Race (1975) before publication of his seminal two-volume classic The Invention of the White Race (1994, 1997). Cover Book Jacket About the Author Review Title Page Copyright Dedication Acknowledgements Introduction to the Second Edition Introduction 1. The Anatomy of Racial Oppression The Irish Analogy The Hallmark of Racial Oppression From Analogy to Analysis: Colony versus Tribe Compelling Parallels The Persistence of Racial Oppression – by Policy Decision A Classic Case of Racial Oppression 2. Social Control and the Intermediate Strata: Ireland The First Strategy – the Anglo-Norman “Middle Nation” The Second Strategy – Surrender-and-Regrant The Third Strategy – Protestant Plantation Celtic Ireland in a New World Context Conquest by Famine Plantation – Once More Opting for Racial Oppression Ireland and General Principles of Colonial Social Control 3. Protestant Ascendancy and White Supremacy Why Not Chattel Bond-servitude? Penal Laws and “Race” Laws 4. Social Control: From Racial to National Oppression America and France, and the Spectre of Republicanism The Act of Union – a Role for the Catholic Bourgeoisie Defining Issues The Campaign for Catholic Emancipation The Tithe War of the Irish Peasantry The Repeal Campaign – Bidding for a Form of Independence The Decommissioning of the Protestant Yeomanry The Apprenticeship of the Catholic Bourgeoisie Affirmative Action to Implement the New Arrangement Making the Besiegers Part of the Garrison Of Divergence and Parallels 5. Ulster The Plantation of Ulster The Scottish Factor The Ulster Custom Intramural Tensions in Protestant Ulster Industrialization Governed by Ascendancy Principles Partition – the Salvation of Racial Oppression On General Principles 6. Anglo-America: Ulster Writ Large The Extirpation of the Native Social Order The Social Control “Anomalies” in America Reconstruction: Racial Oppression Challenged and Defended The Material Basis for the Abandonment of Reconstruction A Mutual Understanding Regarding Social Control The Organized White Workers The South Revisits the Problem of Social Control White-skin Privilege as a Depressor of Wage Levels Of Parallels and Intertwining 7. The Sea-change The Struggle over Racial Slavery The Developing Front against Slavery The Slaveholders’ Strategic Assessment The Irish-American Immigrants 8. How the Sea-change was Wrought The Two-front Attack on Abolitionism among Irish-Americans Attacking Abolitionism on the “Catholic-Irish” Front The Attack on the “White Worker” Front Irish-American Voters and the Annexation of Texas Acting as “Whites” The “Labor Competition” Rationale Re-examined The Pre-existing Logic Address from the people of Ireland to their Countrymen and Countrywomen in America1 Medieval Ireland (1169–1534) Early Modern Ireland (1534–1691) Ireland Under the Union (I) (1801–1870) Appendices Appendix A: (see Introduction, note 46) Appendix B: (see Introduction, note 80) Appendix C: (see Chapter 1, note 58 and Chapter 2, note 51) Appendix D (see Chapter 2, notes 42 and 73) Appendix F: (see Chapter 2, note 77) Appendix G: (see Chapter 2, note 108) Appendix H: (see Chapter 3, notes 8 and 9) Appendix I: (see Chapter 3, note 46) Appendix J: (see Chapter 4, note 107) Appendix K: (see Chapter 7, note 62) Appendix L: (see Chapter 7, note 80) Editor’s Appendix M: A Brief Biography of Theodore W. Allen Editor’s Appendix N: Notes to Encourage Engagement with Volume I Chronological Finding Aid Medieval Ireland (1169–1534) Early Modern Ireland (1534–1691) Eighteenth-century Ireland (1691–1800) Ireland Under the Union (I) (1801–1870) Notes Introduction 1. The Anatomy of Racial Oppression 2. Social Control and the Intermediate Strata: Ireland 3. Protestant Ascendancy and White Supremacy 4. Social Control: From Racial to National Oppression 5. Ulster 6. Anglo-America: Ulster Writ Large 7. The Sea-change 8. How the Sea-change was Wrought Appendix M Appendix N Index