Alluvial Fans in Southern Iran: Geological, Environmental and Remote Sensing Analyses

Description

This book presents a complete set of studies of alluvial fan sediments in southern Iran from the point of view of sedimentology, sedimentary geochemistry, tectonics, economic geology, groundwater, geomorphology, hazards and telemetry. In addition, the book focuses on advanced topics and theory, which practically serves as a model for the study of this type of sediment around the world. Alluvial fans are an important and fundamental factor in many sciences such as geology, environmental science, natural hazards, groundwater science, agriculture and many other related sciences. Lack of accurate knowledge of their constituent sediments has always been an important problem for experts in many science disciplines. From the economic point of view, the identification of alluvial fan deposits is of particular importance. For example, alluvial deposits are the centre of groundwater accumulation, and most groundwater reservoirs within the sedimentary basin are fed by water from alluvial deposits. Most of the gold production in South Africa has been formed as placer deposits in ancient alluvial fans. In addition, a large amount of uranium placer deposits is extracted from old alluvial fans in sedimentary basins in South Africa. This book serves as an ideal guide for experts in earth and environmental sciences and hydrology. Preface References Acknowledgments Book Outline Contents About the Authors 1 Introduction 1.1 Statement of Issue 1.2 Importance and Necessity of Studying Alluvial Fans 1.3 Review of Relevant Literature and Records 1.4 Method of Studying Alluvial Fan Sediments 1.4.1 Literature Review 1.4.2 Field Studies 1.4.3 Laboratory Studies 1.4.4 Additional Studies 1.5 Geographic Location of Alluvial Fans in Southwestern Iran References 2 Geology of the Study Area 2.1 Structural Divisions of Zagros Basin in Iran 2.1.1 Urmia Magma Collection—Girl 2.1.2 Sanandaj-Sirjan Region 2.1.3 Folded Zagros 2.2 Tertiary Stratigraphy of Zagros and the Study Area 2.2.1 Asmari Formation 2.2.2 Gachsaran Formation in the Study Area: 2.2.3 Mishan Formation 2.2.4 Aghajari Construction in the Study Area 2.2.5 Lahbari Member in the Study Area 2.2.6 Bakhtiari Formation in the Study Area 2.2.7 Quaternary Sediments in the Study Area References 3 Advanced Sedimentology Studies 3.1 Granometric 3.1.1 Histogram Curves and Normal Distribution 3.1.2 Cumulative Frequency Curve 3.1.3 Statistical Parameters 3.1.4 Discussion 3.2 Study of Sedimentary Facies 3.2.1 Stone Facies or Lithofacies 3.2.2 Structural Elements 3.3 Calculation of Long-Standing Hydrological Parameters with the Help of Sedimentary Properties 3.3.1 Estimate the Current Strength Using the Part Size 3.3.2 The Thickness of the Category of Diagonal Floors and Estimating the Amount of Long-Term Drainage 3.4 Classification of Alluvial Fans 3.4.1 Ramhormoz Alluvial Fan Division (in Southwestern Iran) 3.4.2 Division of Alluvial Fans of Dezful References 4 Petrographic and Geochemical Studies 4.1 Petrography 4.1.1 Petrographic Results of the Studied Areas 4.1.2 Petrographic Properties of the Studied Sediment Samples 4.2 Geochemical Studies 4.2.1 Oxides 4.2.2 Sub-Elements 4.2.3 Rare Earth Elements 4.2.4 Discussion 4.3 Mineralogy Studies 4.3.1 Illite 4.3.2 Chlorite References 5 Tectonic and Morphotectonic Studies of Alluvial Fans 5.1 The Concept and Scope of Structural and Morphotectonic Geology 5.2 Tectonic Analysis and How to Study Structures in Geology 5.2.1 Tectonic and Morphotectonic Properties of Ramhormoz Region 5.2.2 Another Example of Tectonic and Morphotectonic Studies (Dezful Study Area) 5.3 Discussion References 6 Environmental Geological Studies 6.1 Environmental Pollution 6.1.1 Study of Heavy Metals 6.1.2 Study of Environmental Indicators 6.1.3 Discussion 6.1.4 Groundwater Chemistry 6.2 Environmental Hazards 6.2.1 Seismicity Studies and Seismic Related Factors in the Studied Areas References 7 Remote Sensing Studies 7.1 Primary Studies 7.1.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 7.1.2 Factors Influencing the Formation of Satellite Imagery 7.1.3 Platforms 7.2 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 7.2.1 Steps of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 7.2.2 Flood Studies with the Help of Remote Sensing Data 7.2.3 Spectroscopy 7.2.4 Spectral Properties of Mineralogical Components 7.2.5 Practical Examples of Detrital Sediment Spectroscopy Studies References 8 Basin Analysis and Modeling 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Basin Assessment 8.3 Sedimentary Model References Appendix