Medical Neuroanatomy for the Boards and the Clinic: Finding the Lesion

Description

This book provides medical students with the information to build skills that will aid them in studying for any level of their board exams. It also prepares students with the ability to look at a patient’s neurological signs and symptoms, logically think through the various tracts, and determine where a lesion is located. Unique and comprehensive, this textbook specifically fills a gap in the literature for medical students studying for their board exams and those about to go on a neuro-related rotation. Written by a renowned professor with over 25 years of teaching experience specific to board exam preparation, chapters are crafted with the goal of aiding students in understanding concepts by explaining the reasoning behind signs and symptoms, rather than pure memorization. Medical Neuroanatomy for the Boards and the Clinic is the go-to book for students seeking a practical yet nuanced reference for board exam preparation.​ Introduction Where Is the Lesion? Contents About the Author 1: The Three Long Tracts and Spinal Cord Lesions Corticospinal Pathway Cross Section of the Spinal Cord Deep Tendon Reflexes Cerebral Peduncle, Basis Pontis, and Pyramid C5 Hemisection Spinothalamic Dorsal Columns Summary of the Three Long Tracts The Long Tracts in the Brainstem Medulla Moving from Medulla into Pons Midbrain A Test on the Long Tracts Brown-Sequard Syndrome Syringomyelia Tabes Dorsalis Anterior Spinal Artery Subacute Combined Degeneration Cervical Cord Syndrome Conus Medullaris Syndrome Axonal Polyneuropathy Guillain-Barre Syndrome Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Spinal Shock Sources 2: Corticobulbar Tract and Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei Corticobulbar Nucleus Ambiguus Facial Colliculus Cranial Nerve Five Vagus Nerve to the Head and Neck Injuries to the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Cranial Nerve 11 Cranial Nerve 12 Sources 3: Abducens Nerve Lesions Actions Cranial Nerve Six Lesion Cranial Nerve Three Lesion Cranial Nerve Four Lesion Testing Cortex Control from Frontal Eye Field Fast Phase of Nystagmus One and a Half Syndrome Who Are the Neighbors? Sources 4: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Lesions Hair Cells, Potassium, and the Batteries Vestibulo-ocular Reflex Oculocephalic Reflex Lateral Vestibular Nucleus and Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract Decorticate and Decerebrate Rigidity Auditory Weber’s and Rinne’s Tests Examples of a Conduction Deficit Audiometry and Audiograms Auditory-Central Portion Sources 5: Visual Field Lesions Some Advanced Visual Field Defects Pie in the Sky and Pie on the Floor Optic Chiasm Details Prechiasmal Versus Retrochiasmal Lesions Cortical Blindness Swinging Flashlight Test Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) Also Called Marcus Gunn Pupil Argyll Robertson Pupil Adie’s Pupil The Retina Retinal Fiber Organization Bow-Tie Atrophy Optic Tract Pathology Central Scotoma Retinal Detachment Blood Supply to the Retina Goldmann Visual Fields Sources 6: Autonomics and Lesions The Parasympathetics to the Head Cranial Nerve Three Cranial Nerve Seven Cranial Nerve Nine Crocodile Tears Sympathetics to the Face Coma, the Autonomics, and the Eyes Reynaud’s Disease Overview of Autonomics to the GI Tract Bladder and Bowel Control Upper Motor Neuron: Spastic Bladder and Bowel Lower Motor Neuron: Flaccid Bladder and Bowel Sources 7: Facial Nerve Lesions Corticobulbar Projections to Cranial Nerve Seven Cranial Nerve Seven and Cell Bodies Sources 8: Cerebellar Lesions Lobes, Zones, and Divisions Corticospinal and Corticopontocerebellar Dorsal Spinocerebellar and Cuneocerebellar Dentatothalamic Internal Cerebellar Circuitry Cerebellar Inputs Red Nucleus Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Basket Cells, Stellate Cells, and Lateral Inhibition Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Clinical Symptoms of Cerebellar Lesions Sources 9: Basal Ganglia Lesions Hemiballismus Huntington’s Chorea Parkinson’s Disease Acetylcholine and Parkinson’s Glabellar Reflex Wilson’s Disease Various Basal Ganglia Pathology Parkinson’s Medications Medial Pallidotomies and Deep Brain Stimulation Gaba, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines Sources 10: Thalamus Organization Circuits Thalamic Pain Syndrome Internal Capsule and Lacunar Infarcts Lateral Striate Arteries Thalamogeniculate Arteries Anterior Choroidal Arteries Sources 11: Limbic Circuit and Lesions Limbic Circuit Hippocampus Fornix Wernicke-Korsakoff’s Kluver-Bucy Syndrome Amygdala Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Orbitofrontal Cortex and Memories Proustian Moment Mesolimbic Pathway Dopaminergic Medications and Schizophrenia Chemical Neuroanatomy of the Brainstem Reuptake Transporters Chemical Imbalance Theory of Depression Psychedelics and the Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor Sources 12: How the Brain Works: LTP, NMDA, and NO Long-Term Potentiation and Learning, or How the Brain Works NMDA and AMPA Receptors Endothelial-Derived Relaxing Factor = NO Nitric Oxide: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Sources 13: Brainstem Lesions Alternating Hemiplegia Inferior Alternating Hemiplegia Middle Alternating Hemiplegia Superior Alternating Hemiplegia Rule of Fours Lateral Medullary Syndrome Medial Medullary Syndrome Lateral Pontine Syndrome Medial Pontine Syndrome Medial Midbrain Syndrome Benedikt’s Syndrome Locked-In Syndrome Cranial Nerve Three and Seven Common Lesions Parinaud’s Syndrome Trochlear Nucleus Arteries to the Brainstem Sources 14: Cerebral Cortex Lesions Broca’s Aphasia Wernicke’s Aphasia Conduction Aphasia Cortical Blood Supply Alexia Without Agraphia Parietal Lobe Man in a Barrel Gerstmann’s Syndrome Temporal Lobe Cingulate Gyrus Wet, Wacky, and Wobbly: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Apraxia Sources 15: Fibers, Reflexes, and Radiculopathies Fiber Classification Deep Tendon Reflexes Golgi Tendon Organs Superficial Reflexes Dermatome, Peripheral Nerve, and Myotome Maps Radiculopathies Sources 16: Summary of Blood Vessels and Lesion Test Answers to Lesion Test 17: 100 High-Yield Neuroanatomy Buzz words Index