Energy Internet: Systems and Applications

Description

This textbook is the first of its kind to comprehensively describe the energy Internet, a vast network that efficiently supplies electricity to anyone anywhere and is an internet based wide area network for information and energy fusion. The chapters are organized into five parts: Architecture and Design, Energy Switching and Routing, Information and Communication, Energy Management Systems and Energy Market and Trading, and capture the spectrum of this exponential transformation, while also presenting the plethora of open problems that this transformation poses for researchers from mixed academic backgrounds. The scope includes key technologies on distributed energy sources, microgrids, energy storage, solar and wind energy, power grid, smart grid, power quality, power electronics, data centers, distributed computing and networking, cloud computing and big data, and software-defined networking. The book presents the basic principles of energy internet and emphasizes the current research trends in the field of energy Internet at an advanced level. It includes instructor materials, case-studies, and worked examples throughout. This is an ideal resource for students in advanced graduate-level courses and special topics in energy, information and control systems, and is a useful tool for utility engineers who seek an intuitive understanding of the emerging applications of energy Internet.  Contents Part I Architecture and Design of Energy Internet 1 Foundation and Background for Energy Internet Simulation 1.1 Concept, Components, Structure and Characteristics of the Energy Internet 1.1.1 Concept and Main Body of the Energy Internet 1.1.2 Backbone and Main Components of a Typical Energy Internet 1.1.3 Basic Structure of the Energy Internet 1.1.4 Technical Characteristics 1.2 Importance and Application of System Simulation 1.2.1 Necessity of Dynamic Simulation 1.2.2 Application Scenarios 1.2.3 Foundation of an Energy Internet Dynamic Simulation 1.3 Conclusion References 2 Modelling, Simulation and Analysis 2.1 Modelling, Simulation and Analysis of Quasi-steady-State and Long-Term Issues of the Energy Internet 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Elements of Integrated Energy Systems 2.1.3 Component Characteristics 2.1.4 Time Resolution 2.1.5 Boundary Conditions and System Properties 2.1.6 Sensors, Data and Accuracy 2.2 Modelling, Simulation and Analysis of Dynamics and Transients in the Energy Internet 2.2.1 Modelling of Conventional Power Equipment and Units 2.2.2 Modelling of Long Dynamics 2.2.3 Modelling of Networks 2.2.4 Multi-mode and Phased Evolution Hybrid Simulation Framework 2.3 Software Suites/Tools for Energy System Simulation 2.3.1 Overview of Energy System Dynamic Simulation Software 2.3.2 Software Suites or Tools for Electrical Energy Simulation 2.3.3 Software Suites or Tools for Non-electrical Energy Simulation 2.3.4 Multi-energy Real-Time Simulation System (MERTS) 2.3.5 Tools for Steady-State and Long-Term Simulation 2.4 Test and Application Examples Based on a Park Energy Internet 2.4.1 Component Model Testing 2.4.2 Examples of Dynamics of Energy Internet Systems 2.5 Conclusion References 3 Cyber-Physical System Security 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Security of Components in Cyber-Physical Systems 3.3 Multiple Uncertainties in Cyber-Physical System Operation 3.3.1 Cyber Attacks and Corresponding Mitigation Strategies 3.3.2 Volatility of Energy Sources and Stochastic Energy Consumption 3.4 Correlation and Cascading Failures in Cyber-Physical Systems 3.5 Challenges in Cyber-Physical System Security 3.6 Conclusions References 4 Early Experience of the Energy Internet: A Review of Demonstrations and Pilot Applications in Europe 4.1 The Development of the Energy Internet 4.2 An Overview of EI Demonstrations in Europe: Status and Categorization 4.3 Demonstrations and Pilot Applications of the EI in Europe: A Review of Selected EI Projects 4.3.1 The E-Energy Programme in Germany 4.3.2 EnergyLab Nordhavn in Denmark 4.3.3 Decentralized Energy Control, Trading and Management Platforms 4.3.4 The Digitization of District Heating in Aarhus 4.3.5 A List of EI Demonstrations and Applications in Europe 4.4 Conclusion and Outlook References Part II Energy Switching and Routing for Energy Internet 5 Modified P&O Approach Based Detection of the Optimal Power-Speed Curve for MPPT of Wind Turbines 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Model 5.3 Proposed Optimal Power-Speed Curve Detection Method 5.3.1 Recording Operating Data 5.3.2 Detection of the OPSC 5.3.3 Wind Speed Estimation 5.4 Simulation Test 5.5 Experimental Test 5.5.1 Experimental Platform 5.6 Results 5.7 Conclusion References 6 Flexible Substation and Its Demonstration Project 6.1 Overview 6.1.1 Background 6.1.2 Development of Substations 6.1.3 Comparisons 6.1.4 System Structure 6.1.5 Topology of the Main Circuit of PETs 6.2 Overall Introduction 6.2.1 Project Background 6.2.2 System Proposal 6.3 Controls and Protections of Flexible Substations 6.3.1 Controls of Flexible Substations 6.3.2 Protections of Flexible Substations 6.4 Core Equipment of Flexible Substations 6.4.1 Valve Tower 6.4.2 Module 6.4.3 High-Frequency Transformer 6.5 RTDS Test of Flexible Substation 6.5.1 Building of Testing System 6.5.2 Testing of Control Functions 6.6 Site Test and Operation of Flexible Substation 6.6.1 Startup for Operation of Flexible Substation 6.6.2 Fault Ride-Through Operation of Flexible Substation 6.6.3 PV Station Flexible Substation Operating in Grid-Connected Mode 6.7 Conclusion References 7 Energy “Routers”, “Computers” and “Protocols” 7.1 Definition 7.1.1 Definition of Energy Router 7.1.2 Energy Internet and Energy Router 7.2 Research Progress on Energy Routers 7.2.1 Current Research Status 7.2.2 Routing Decisions 7.2.3 Electrical Structure 7.3 Key Technologies 7.3.1 Physical Layer 7.3.2 Information Layer 7.4 Autonomous Microgrid Energy Router Prototype 7.4.1 Overall Functional Design and Energy Routing Algorithm 7.4.2 Research on Open Interface, Interconnection Standards and Source-Load Flexible Connection Technology in the Energy Internet 7.4.3 Research on Adaptation Technology for Electric Load Demand and Bidirectional Prediction of Renewable Energy Generation 7.5 Future Prospects for the Development of Energy Routers 7.5.1 Open and Plug-and-Play Energy Exchange and Routing 7.5.2 Support for Multi-channel Scalable Renewable Energy Sources and Dynamic Load Integration 7.5.3 Solving Instantaneous Balanced Energy Internet Energy Management Issues 7.5.4 Realizing the Integration of Information-Energy Infrastructure References 8 Two-Stage Optimization Strategies for Integrating Electric Vehicles in the Energy Internet 8.1 Current State of the Electric Power Industry 8.1.1 Rise in Renewable Energies 8.1.2 Rise in Electric Vehicles 8.1.3 Charging and Swapping Stations 8.1.4 Swapping Station Business Strategies 8.2 Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization 8.2.1 Overview 8.2.2 Optimization with Recourse 8.2.3 Bilevel Optimization 8.2.4 Karush–Kuhn–Tucker Optimality Conditions 8.3 Battery Swapping Station with Power Limit Strategies 8.3.1 Power Limits in Optimization with Recourse 8.3.2 Power Limits in Bilevel Optimization 8.4 Optimization with Recourse Formulation 8.5 Optimization with Recourse Scenario Analysis 8.5.1 Power Limit Environment 8.5.2 Threshold Curtailment 8.5.3 Renewable Energy Curtailment 8.6 Bilevel Optimization Formulation 8.7 Bilevel Optimization Scenario Analysis 8.7.1 Test System 8.7.2 Network Constraints 8.7.3 Power Source Changes 8.8 Conclusion References Part III Information and Communication for Energy Internet 9 Key Data-Driven Technologies in the Energy Internet 9.1 Introduction of Energy Internet Monitoring and Measurement System Architecture 9.1.1 Introduction to Monitoring and Measurement Systems 9.1.2 AMI System Architecture 9.2 Data Acquisition Technology in the Energy Internet 9.2.1 Multi-energy Acquisition Terminal Technology 9.2.2 Smart Meter Technology 9.2.3 Synchronous Phasor Measurement Technology 9.2.4 Wide-Area Measurement System 9.3 Data Transfer Technology in the Energy Internet 9.3.1 Perception Layer Communication Technology 9.3.2 Network Layer Communication Technology 9.3.3 Application Layer Protocol and Standard 9.3.4 Energy Router Technology 9.4 Data Processing Technology in the Energy Internet 9.4.1 Big Data Analysis Technology 9.4.2 Data Fusion Technology 9.5 Information Security in Monitoring and Measurement Systems 9.5.1 Information Security Requirements 9.5.2 Information Security Countermeasures 9.6 Application Case Analysis 9.6.1 Energy Internet in a Smart Park 9.6.2 Security Protection Analysis of Park Power Consumption Information Collection System References 10 Utilization of Big Data in Energy Internet Infrastructure 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Architecture of Big Data 10.2.1 The Architecture of Big Data 10.2.2 Implementing Big Data in the Energy Internet 10.3 Big Data Analytics Methods 10.3.1 Supervised Learning 10.3.2 Unsupervised Learning 10.3.3 Deep Learning 10.3.4 Ensemble Learning 10.4 Big Data Platforms 10.4.1 Real-Time and Offline Analysis 10.4.2 Open-Source Big Data Tools 10.5 Open Challenges for Utilizing Big Data in the Energy Internet 10.5.1 Data Throughput 10.5.2 Data Privacy and Security 10.5.3 Data Storage 10.5.4 Data Stream Processing 10.5.5 Data Opening 10.6 Summary References 11 Artificial Intelligence Models Used for Prediction in the Energy Internet 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Motivation for Applying AI in the Energy Internet 11.3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques 11.3.1 Machine Learning Models 11.3.2 Deep Learning Models 11.3.3 Advantages of AI in the Energy Internet 11.4 Electricity Prediction Challenges and Influential Factors 11.4.1 Challenges 11.4.2 Factors Affecting Prediction 11.5 Implementation of Neural Networks 11.6 Conclusion References Part IV Energy Management Systems for Energy Internet 12 Multiple Source-Load-Storage Cooperative Optimization of Energy Management for Energy Local Area Network Systems 12.1 Introduction 12.2 System Optimization Model 12.2.1 Structure Model 12.2.2 Mathematical Model 12.2.3 Optimization Strategies 12.3 Model Solution and Results Analysis 12.3.1 Test System and Parameter Configuration 12.4 Optimization Scheme of Test System 12.4.1 Optimization Results of Different Schemes 12.4.2 Optimization Results Based on Optimal Strategy 12.5 Conclusions References 13 Power Quality and Power Experience 13.1 Introduction to Power Quality Problems 13.1.1 The Related Concepts and Research Significance of Power Quality 13.1.2 The Categories of Power Quality Problems 13.1.3 Macroscopic and Microscopic Problems of Power Quality 13.2 General Rules of Power Quality Management in the Energy Internet 13.2.1 Standardization 13.2.2 Integration 13.2.3 Customization 13.2.4 Differentiation 13.3 Investigation monitoring and analysis of power quality in the Energy Internet 13.3.1 Basic Functions of Energy Internet Power Quality Monitoring 13.3.2 Basic Form of Power Quality Observation Network 13.3.3 Power Quality Monitoring for the Energy Internet 13.3.4 Advanced Power Quality Analysis for the Energy Internet 13.4 Device Development for Power Quality Control 13.5 Effect Evaluation of Power Quality Control 13.5.1 Single Assessment of Power Quality 13.5.2 Synthetic Estimation of Power Quality 13.6 Conclusions References 14 Power Restoration Approach for Resilient Active Distribution Networks in the Presence of a Large-Scale Power Blackout 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Formulation and Solution 14.2.1 Strategy of DG Start-Up 14.2.2 Parallel Power Supply Restoration 14.2.3 Formulation and Implementation 14.3 DG Uncertainty Characterization Using the HMM Method 14.4 Performance Assessment and Simulation Results 14.4.1 Experiment 1: Large-Scale Fault Restoration 14.4.2 Experiment 2: Large-Scale Faults with Different DG Penetration Rates 14.4.3 Experiment 3: Large-Scale Faults with Different BDG/NBDG Proportions 14.5 Conclusions and Remarks References 15 Internet Thinking for Layered Energy Infrastructure 15.1 Internet Thinking and Technology in Energy Infrastructure 15.1.1 Introduction of Energy System Infrastructure 15.1.2 The Internet-Styled Next Generation of Energy Systems 15.1.3 Typical Scenario Analysis 15.1.4 A Summary of the Infrastructure Level 15.2 Internet Thinking and Technology in Cyber-Physical Systems 15.2.1 Introduction of Information-Physics Fusion 15.2.2 Interaction Between Energy and Information in the Energy Internet 15.2.3 Typical Energy Internet Information Service Mode 15.2.4 Summary of the Information Level 15.3 Internet Thinking and Applications in the Energy Internet 15.3.1 Future Typical Energy Internet Applications 15.3.2 Characteristics of Internet-Based Energy Applications 15.3.3 Typical Scenarios of the Energy Internet 15.3.4 Summary of the Application Level 15.4 Internet Thinking in the Business Model of the Energy Internet 15.4.1 Introduction of a New Business Model Under Internet Thinking 15.4.2 The Embodiment of Internet Thinking in the Business Mode of the Energy Internet 15.4.3 A Summary of the Business Model 15.5 The Development of the Energy Internet System 15.5.1 The Development of the Internet 15.5.2 Future Evolution of the Energy Internet 15.5.3 A Summary of the System and Mechanism Level 15.6 Conclusion References Index