Metal Nano 3D Superlattices: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Description

Metal Nano 3D Superlattices Unique view on producing metal nano 3D superlattices by differing their morphologies, crystalline structures, chemical, and physical properties After presenting an overview on the various factors involved in producing metal 3D superlattices called supracrystals by differing their morphologies, crystalline structures, chemical, physical, and intrinsic properties, Metal Nano 3D Superlattices: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications reveals the existence of new materials with unexpected properties. Readers will gain insight into the various approaches on the production and on the specific properties of nanocrystals self-assembled in 3D superlattices also called colloidal crystals, supra or super crystals. These properties open up new avenues of research and potentially aiding in major progress. Overall, the work reviews the progress of and gives perspective on assembled nanocrystals, with a concentrated focus on self-assemblies of metal nanocrystals. Sample topics covered by the highly qualified and internationally awarded author include: Syntheses of nanocrystals with low size distribution. The wide variety of self-assembled nanocrystals in 3D superlattices strongly depends on an impressive number of parameters. The intrinsic chemical and physical properties of 3D superlattices of nanocrystals opens the way to the discovery of unexpected properties. This concerns growth processes, coherent breathing of in 3D superlattices, electron transport through thick assemblies, etc. A strong analogy between atomic crystals and 3D superlattices of nanocrystals emerge: incompressible nanocrystals and coating agents act as mechanical springs holding together the nanocrystals and replace respectively, in atomic crystals, atoms and atomic bonds. The intrinsic chemical and physical properties of nanocrystals and their assemblies depend on their crystalline structures called nanocrystallinity. Collective properties due to dipolar interactions between nanocrystals are pointed out. Water soluble suprastructures act as efficient universal nanoheaters. In addition, reconstruction near the cytoplasmic membrane in tumor cells of nanocrystal self-assemblies takes place opening various biomedical applications. The physical (optical, magnetic, electronic, vibrational) properties of isolated nanocrystals remain present in addition to the intrinsic and collective properties. This allows to benefit from the unique properties of nanocrystals while avoiding their potential size-related risks in future applications. Metal Nano 3D Superlattices offers a deep dive into their synthesis, chemical and physical properties, and applications and is an essential resource for inorganic chemists, materials scientists, physical chemists, surface chemists, and medicinal chemists conducting research related to or involved in the practical application of the topics covered within. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1 Syntheses of Metal Nanocrystals 1.1 Nanocrystal Growth Processes and Control of Size and Distribution 1.2 Crystalline Structure of Metal Nanocrystals 1.2.1 Co Nanocrystals 1.2.2 Au, Ag, and Cu Nanocrystals 1.3 Various Techniques Used to Produce Metal Nanocrystals and Control Their Sizes and Distribution 1.3.1 Reverse Micelles 1.3.2 Inorganic Chemical Reaction to Produce Au and Ag Nanocrystals 1.3.2.1 Synthesis of Au Nanocrystals Differing by Their Diameters 1.3.2.2 Synthesis of 5-nm Polycrystalline Silver Nanocrystals 1.3.3 Thermal Decomposition 1.3.4 Hot Injection 1.4 An Example to Show the Importance of the Reactant Sequence to Produce Nanocrystals 1.5 N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands for Au Nanocrystals Stabilization 1.6 Conclusion References 2 Influence of the Nanoparticle Crystalline Structures Called Nanocrystallinities on Various Properties 2.1 Nano-Kirkendall 2.1.1 Influence of the Atom Diffusion Processes on Rather Large Nanoparticles (7 nm/8 nm) Differing by Their Nanocrystallinities 2.1.1.1 Amorphous Nanoparticles 2.1.1.2 hcp Nanocrystals 2.1.1.3 fcc Nanocrystals 2.1.1.4 Epsilon-Phase Nanocrystals 2.1.2 Influence of the Nanocrystal Size Related to the Various Crystalline Structures 2.1.3 Nanoparticle Environment Effect 2.1.3.1 Isolated Nanocrystals 2.1.3.2 Influence of the Electron Beam Irradiation on the Final Nanocrystals 2.1.4 Conclusions 2.2 Local Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) of Au Nanocrystals Differing by Their Nanocrystallinity 2.3 Acoustic Vibrational Modes 2.3.1 Breathing Mode 2.3.2 Quadrupolar Mode 2.4 Crystal Growth Process 2.5 Mechanical Properties 2.6 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Au 3D Superlattices Produced by Solvent Evaporation Process 3.1 Au 3D Superlattice Morphology of Au Nanocrystals Coated with Thiol Derivatives 3.1.1 Au 3D Superlattice Morphology Produced at Zero Solvent Vapor Pressure 3.1.1 Au 3D Superlattice Morphologies Produced Under Various Solvent Vapor Pressures 3.1.2 Influence of Temperature During the Evaporation Process on Au 3D Superlattice Morphologies 3.1.3 Hierarchy in the 3D Superlattice Crystallinity 3.2 Interparticle Distance Between Nanocrystals Coated with Thiol Derivatives 3.3 Au 3D Superlattices Coated with N-Heterocyclic Carbene 3.4 Conclusions References Chapter 4 3D Superlattice Growth in a Thermodynamic Equilibrium 4.1 Simultaneous 3D Superlattices Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Growth Processes 4.1.1 General Behavior of the Two Simultaneous Supracrystal Growth Processes of Au Nanocrystals 4.1.2 Analogy with Nature: Air–Solvent Interface Acts as Perfect Substrate 4.1.3 Case of 5-nm Au Nanocrystals in Toluene Saturation 4.1.4 Nanocrystals of 4-nm Dispersed in Toluene 4.2 Submillimeter-Size Single 3D Superlattices of 5-nm Au Nanocrystals 4.3 Conclusions References Chapter 5 Ag 3D Superlattices 5.1 Control of the Crystalline Structure of Ag 3D Superlattices 5.2 Optical Properties 5.2.1 Thin Film 5.2.2 Thick Films 5.3 Stability 5.4 Conclusions References Chapter 6 Mesostructures of Magnetic Nanocrystals Subjected to Applied Magnetic Field 6.1 Maghemite Nanocrystals 6.1.1 Stripes Formed by Applying a Magnetic Field: van der Waals Versus Dipolar Forces Controlling Mesoscopic Organizations of Magnetic Nanocrystals 6.1.2 Applied Magnetic Field Perpendicular to the Substrate: Liquid–Gas Phase Transition 6.2 Cobalt Nanocrystals 6.2.1 Alignments Induced by Dipolar Interactions Between Co Nanoparticles Subjected to a Magnetic Field Parallel to the Substrate 6.2.2 Columns and Labyrinths of Co Nanoparticles: Nanocrystal Size Distribution as a Key Parameter on the Mesostructures 6.3 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Binary 3D Superlattices 7.1 Structure of 3D Superlattices Predicted by the Hard-Sphere Model 7.1.1 Co/Ag Binary 3D Superlattices of Co and Ag Nanoparticles 7.1.2 Co/Co Binary 3D Superlattices of Amorphous Co Nanoparticles 7.1.3 Ag/Ag Binary 3D Superlattices of Polycrystalline Ag Nanoparticles 7.2 Limitation of the Hard-Sphere Model 7.2.1 Ligand Exchange 7.2.2 Relative Concentration of the Small and Large Nanoparticles on the Binary 3D Superlattices 7.2.3 Temperature Effect 7.2.3.1 Influence on the Binary Phase Diagram 7.2.3.2 Structural Transformation of CoAAu13 Subjected to High Temperature 7.2.3.3 Influence of the Magnetic Properties on Co/Ag Binary Systems 7.2.4 Unexpected Behavior Induced by Mixing Small and Large Nanoparticles 7.3 Solvent-Mediated Crystallization of Nanocrystal 3D Assemblies of Silver Nanocrystals: Unexpected Superlattice Ripening 7.4 Collective Properties Involved in Self-Assemblies of Binary 3D Superlattices 7.5 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Analogy Between 3D Lattices and Atomic Crystals: Crystalline Structure 8.1 Atomic Crystals, Shaped 3D Lattices, and Minerals 8.2 Negative 3D Lattices 8.2.1 How Negative 3D Lattices Are Produced? 8.2.2 Analogy Between Negative 3D Lattices, Atomic Crystals, and Minerals 8.3 Vicinal Surface of 3D Lattices 8.4 Quasi-3D Lattices 8.5 Conclusions References Chapter 9 Analogy Between 3D Superlattices and Atomic Crystals: Physical Properties 9.1 Magnetic Properties 9.2 Coherent Longitudinal Acoustic Phonons in Small 3D Superlattices 9.3 Breathing Modes 9.4 Conclusions References Chapter 10 3D Superlattice Stability 10.1 Influence of Temperature 10.2 Edging Process 10.2.1 Ag Nanocrystals 10.2.2 Au Nanocrystals 10.2.3 Influence of the Coating Agent 10.3 Solvent-Mediated Crystallization of Nanocrystal 3D Assemblies 10.4 Conclusions References Chapter 11 Intrinsic Properties Related Due to the Self-Assemblies of Nanocrystals 11.1 Epitaxial Crystal Growth as a Result of the Nanocrystal Ordering 11.2 Unexpected Electronic Properties of Micrometer-Thick 3D Superlattices of Au Nanocrystals 11.3 Collective Magnetic Properties of Co Nanocrystals Self-Assembled in 3D Superlattices 11.3.1 Influence of Nanocrystal Ordering on the Magnetic Properties 11.3.2 Influence of Co Nanocrystallinity on fcc 3D Superlattices 11.3.3 Magnetic Properties of Single-Domain -Phase Co Nanocrystals at Various Interactions Scales 11.3.3.1 Magnetic Properties of Co (ε-Phase) Nanocrystals Dispersed in PMMA 11.3.3.2 Magnetic Properties of Co (ε-Phase) Nanocrystals Deposited on Substrate 11.4 Super-Spin Glass Behavior of fcc Supracrystals 11.5 Alignment of Magnetic Nanocrystals 11.5.1 Do the Mesoscopic Structures Play the Major Role on the Magnetic Properties? 11.5.2 Comparison of the Influence or the Easy Axis’ Orientation and Dipolar Interactions 11.6 Co 3D Superlattice Collective Properties of Amorphous Nanoparticles 11.7 Conclusion References Chapter 12 Mechanical Properties of 3D Superlattices 12.1 Measurements of Mechanical Properties Using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 12.1.1 Oliver and Pharr 12.1.2 Plate Model 12.1.3 Validity of Mechanical Properties Deduced from AFM 12.2 3D Superlattices Produced Under Thermodynamic Processes 12.2.1 Influence of the 3D Superlattice Growth Mechanism 12.2.2 Tuning of the Stiffness of Au 3D Superlattices 12.3 3D Superlattice Produced Through Heterogeneous 3D Superlattice Growth Process 12.3.1 Au 3D Superlattices 12.3.1.1 Size and Coating Agent Effect on the Mechanical Properties 12.3.1.2 Nanocrystallinity 12.3.2 Co 3D Superlattices 12.3.2.1 Epsilon Phase Co 3D Superlattice: Influence of Nanocrystal Size and 3D Superlattice Morphology on the Mechanical Properties 12.3.2.2 Hierarchical Mechanical Behavior of Co 3D Superlattices Related to Nanocrystallinity 12.3.3 Ag 3D Superlattices: Highly Weak Young Moduli 12.4 Do the Apparent Discrepancies of the Young Moduli Produced with a Large Variety of Metallic Nanocrystals Self-Assembled in fcc Structures Remain Valid or Not? 12.5 Mesoscopic Assemblies of Co Nanocrystals Differing by Their Size Distribution: Mechanical Intrinsic Properties 12.6 Conclusions References Chapter 13 Cracks in Nanocrystal Film 13.1 Cracks of Nanocrystal Films 13.1.1 Isotropic Cracks 13.1.2 Orientational Cracks 13.1.3 Universal Feature 13.2 Cracks in Nature and Current Life 13.3 Conclusions References Chapter 14 Water-Dispersive Hydrophobic Suprastructures: Specific Properties 14.1 Au and Co “Clustered” Structures 14.1.1 Fabrication and Characterization 14.1.2 Specific Properties 14.1.2.1 Magnetic Properties 14.1.2.2 Optical Properties 14.2 Colloidosomes and Supraballs 14.2.1 Colloidosome: Fabrication and Characterization 14.2.2 Supraballs: Fabrication and Characterization 14.3 Nanoheaters 14.4 Conclusion References Chapter 15 Nanocrystal Self-Assembly in Cells 15.1 Ferrite Colloidosomes and Supraballs 15.2 Intracellular Fate of Hydrophobic Nanocrystal Self-Assemblies in Tumor Cells 15.2.1 Ability of Colloidosomes and Supraballs to be Uptaken into Tumor Cells 15.2.2 Internal Distribution of Colloidosomes and Supraballs in Tumor Cells 15.2.2.1 Nanocrystal Dispersions 15.2.2.2 Colloidosomes 15.2.2.3 Supraballs 15.2.3 Structural Organization of Nanocrystals in Tumor Cells 15.2.4 Interactions with Lysosomes 15.2.4.1 Lysosome Size 15.2.4.2 Lysosome Shape 15.2.4.3 Spatial Distribution and Density of Nanocrystals in Lysosomes 15.2.4.4 Proximity of Nanocrystals to the Lysosome Membrane 15.2.5 Magnetic Response of Internalized Nanocrystals 15.3 Conclusion References Chapter 16 Photothermal Effects in the Tumor Microenvironment 16.1 Colloidosomes and Supraballs 16.2 Photothermal Properties: Apparent Contradiction Between the Global Heating and Cell Death 16.2.1 Pellet of Nanocrystal-Loaded Cells 16.2.2 Monolayers of Cells Having Internalized the Fe3O4 Nanocrystals 16.3 Suprastructures: Photothermal Properties in the in vivo Tumor Microenvironment 16.4 Suprastructures Modulate the Distribution of Fe3O4 Nanocrystals in the Tumor Microenvironment 16.5 Suprastructures: Photothermal Effects on the Tumor Extracellular Matrix 16.6 Conclusion References Index EULA