Romanian: An Essential Grammar (Routledge Essential Grammars)

Description

Now in its second edition, Romanian: An Essential Grammar is a concise, user-friendly guide to modern Romanian. It takes the student through the essentials of the language, explaining each concept clearly and providing many examples of contemporary Romanian usage. This fully revised second edition contains: • a chapter of each of the most common grammatical areas with Romanian and English examples • extensive examples of the more difficult areas of the grammar • a section with exercises to consolidate the learning and the answer key • a list of useful verbs • an appendix listing useful websites for further information • a glossary of grammatical terms used in the book • a useful bibliographical list. Suitable for both classroom use and independent study, this book is ideal for beginner to intermediate students. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Page Contents Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Concise glossary of grammatical terms Part 1 An essential grammar Chapter 1 Sounds and letters 1.1 The Romanian alphabet 1.2 Vowels 1.3 Consonants 1.4 Diphthongs and triphthongs 1.4.1 Diphthongs 1.4.2 Vowels in hiatus 1.4.3 Triphthongs 1.5 Stress and intonation 1.5.1 Stress 1.5.2 Intonation 1.5.3 Sound changes Chapter 2 Nouns 2.1 Gender: masculine, feminine, neuter 2.1.1 Masculine nouns 2.1.2 Neuter nouns 2.1.3 Feminine nouns 2.2 Forming the feminine from a masculine noun 2.3 Number 2.3.1 Masculine nouns 2.3.2 Feminine nouns 2.3.3 Neuter nouns 2.4 The case 2.4.1 Nouns with an indefinite article 2.4.2 Nouns with a definite article 2.4.3 The vocative case Chapter 3 Articles 3.1 Indefinite article 3.1.1 Uses of the indefinite article 3.2 The definite article 3.2.1 Uses of the definite article 3.3 The demonstrative or adjectival article 3.3.1 Uses of the demonstrative article 3.4 The possessive article 3.4.1 Uses of the possessive article Chapter 4 Adjectives 4.1 Descriptive adjectives 4.2 Comparison of adjectives 4.3 Agreement 4.4 Case 4.5 Position of adjectives 4.6 Other types of adjectives 4.6.1 Possessive adjectives 4.6.2 Demonstrative adjectives 4.6.3 Relative-interrogative adjectives 4.6.4 Negative adjectives 4.6.5 Indefinite adjectives Chapter 5 Pronouns 5.1 Personal pronouns 5.1.1 Forms of the personal pronouns 5.1.2 Stressed forms 5.1.3 Unstressed dative and acussative forms 5.1.4 Dative pronouns expressing possession 5.1.5 Dânsul, dânsa, dânşii, dânsele 5.2 Pronouns of politeness 5.2.1 Dumneavoastră, dumneata, dumnealui 5.3 Possessive pronouns 5.4 Demonstrative pronouns 5.4.1 Acesta (this) 5.4.2 Acela (that) 5.4.3 Același (the same one) 5.4.4 Celălalt (the other one) 5.5. Negative pronouns 5.5.1 Nimeni (nobody) 5.5.2 Nimic (nothing) 5.5.3 Niciunul (no one) 5.6 Indefinite pronouns 5.6.1 Unul (one) 5.6.2 Altul (another one) 5.6.3 Tot, toţi (all) 5.6.4 Mult, mulţi, puțin, puțini (much, many, little, few) 5.6.5 Atât, atâţia (that much, that many) 5.6.6 Vreunul (someone/anyone) 5.6.7 Oricine, cineva, altcineva (anyone, someone, someone else) 5.6.8 Oricare, careva, altcareva, fiecare (anyone, someone, someone else, each) 5.6.9 Orice, ceva, altceva (anything, something, something else) 5.6.10 Câtva, oricât (some, any) 5.7 Interrogative-relative pronouns 5.7.1 Cine (who) 5.7.2 Care (which) 5.7.3 Ce (what) 5.7.4 Cât (how much) 5.8 Emphatic pronouns 5.9 Reflexive pronouns Chapter 6 Numerals 6.1 Cardinal numerals 6.2 Ordinal numerals Chapter 7 Verbs 7.1 Moods and tenses 7.1.1 Moods 7.1.2 Tenses 7.2 The indicative mood 7.2.1 The present tense 7.2.2 The past tenses 7.2.3 Future tenses 7.3 Presumptive 7.3.1 Present presumptive 7.3.2 Perfect presumptive 7.4 Subjunctive 7.4.1 Present subjunctive 7.4.2 Verbs ending in -ie 7.4.3 Irregular verbs 7.4.4 Uses 7.4.5 Past subjunctive 7.5 Conditional 7.5.1 Present conditional 7.5.2 Uses of the present conditional 7.5.3 Perfect conditional 7.5.4 Uses of perfect conditional 7.6 Imperative 7.6.1 Affirmative form 7.6.2 Affirmative imperative with personal pronouns 7.6.3 Negative form 7.6.4 Negative imperative with personal pronouns 7.7 Infinitive 7.8 Gerund 7.9 Participle 7.10 Supine 7.11 Passive voice 7.11.1 The past participle as an adjective 7.12 Reflexive verbs 7.12.1 Accusative reflexive verbs 7.12.2 Dative reflexive verbs 7.12.3 Impersonal constructions with se 7.13 Impersonal, unipersonal and bipersonal 7.13.1 Impersonal verbs 7.13.2 Unipersonal and bipersonal verbs 7.14 Sequence of tenses 7.15 Verbal expressions Chapter 8 Adverbs 8.1 Types 8.1.1 Formation 8.1.2 Adverbial phrases 8.2 Comparison 8.2.1 The comparative degree of equality 8.2.2 The comparative degree of superiority 8.2.3 The comparative degree of inferiority 8.2.4 The superlative degree of superiority 8.2.5 The superlative degree of inferiority 8.2.6 The absolute superlative 8.3 Uses 8.4 Adverbs mai, și, tot, prea, chiar Chapter 9 Prepositions 9.1 Simple prepositions 9.2 Prepositional phrases 9.3 Uses 9.4 Verbs followed by specific prepositions Chapter 10 Conjunctions 10.1 Coordinating conjunctions 10.2 Subordinating conjunctions Chapter 11 Interjections 11.1 Types Chapter 12 Word formation 12.1 Suffixes 12.2 Prefixes 12.3 Compound words Part 2 Language functions Chapter 13 Socialising 13.1 General greetings 13.1.1 Meeting someone 13.1.2 Taking leave 13.1.3 Greetings according to the time of day 13.1.4 Welcoming 13.1.5 Attracting attention 13.1.6 Warning 13.2 Seasonal greetings 13.3 Good wishes and congratulations 13.4 Introductions 13.5 Forms of address 13.5.1 Informal 13.5.2 Formal 13.5.3 Very formal 13.5.4 Titles 13.5.5 Family 13.6 Talking about one’s health 13.6.1 Conversationally 13.6.2 At the surgery 13.6.3 Doctor’s orders 13.7 Talking about the weather 13.8 Directions 13.8.1 Questions and answers 13.8.2 General conversation 13.9 Making excuses 13.10 At the dinner table Chapter 14 Exchanging factual information 14.1 Identifying people 14.1.1 Identity 14.1.2 Ownership 14.1.3 Profession, occupation 14.2 Identifying things 14.2.1 Expressing the time 14.3 Asking for information 14.4 Offering information 14.5 Reporting, narrating 14.6 Letter writing 14.6.1 Opening formulas 14.6.2 Closing formulas 14.6.3 Examples of letters Chapter 15 Expressing opinions and attitudes 15.1 Agreement and disagreement 15.2 Remembering something or someone 15.3 Possibility and impossibility 15.4 Incomprehension and clarification 15.5 Certainty and uncertainty Chapter 16 Judgement and evaluation 16.1 Expressing pleasure or liking 16.2 Expressing displeasure or dislike 16.3 Enquiring and expressing interest 16.4 Expressing surprise 16.5 Expressing hope 16.6 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction 16.7 Expressing approval and disapproval 16.8 Expressing preference 16.9 Expressing gratitude, sympathy, appreciation 16.10 Expressing happiness and unhappiness 16.11 Apologising 16.12 Expressing disappointment, worry, fear 16.13 Expressing regret and indifference 16.14 Accusing Appendix 1 Exercises Appendix 2 Key to exercises Appendix 3 List of verbs Appendix 4 Internet links about Romania and the Republic of Moldova Bibliography Index