Теория металлургических процессов: Theory of non-ferrous extractive metallurgy

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INTRODUCTION 1. PYROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSES 1.1. THERMODYNAMICS OF THERMAL DISSOCIATION 1.1.1. General Notions 1.1.2. Effect of Phase Transitions on Dissociation Process 1.1.3. Dissociation of Compounds with Different Oxidation Numbers 1.1.4. Dissociation of Oxides at Solution Formation 1.2. THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS OF SOME COMBUSTION REACTIONS 1.2.1. General Characteristic of Gaseous Atmospheres 1.2.2. Interaction of Carbon with Oxidant Gases 1.2.3. Kinetics of Carbon Combustion and the Boudouard-Bell Reaction 1.3. REDUCTION PROCESSES 1.3.1. Thermodynamics of Metal Oxide Reduction by Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide 1.3.2. Reduction of Oxides of Volatile Metals 1.3.3. Reduction of Oxides in Systems with Solutions 1.3.4. Carbon Reduction of Oxide 1.3.5. Metallothermy 1.4. OXIDATION OF METALS AND SULFIDES. OXIDIZING REFINING 1.4.1. Theory of Oxidation of Metals 1.4.2. Thermodynamics of Oxidation of Sulfides and Interaction of Sulfides and Oxides 1.4.3. Kinetics of Oxidation of Sulfides 1.4.4. Thermodynamics of Oxidizing Refining 1.4.5. Oxidizing Refining of Metals with Introduction of Chemically Active Additions 1.4.6. Oxidizing Refining of Metals with Obtaining Gas Products (by the Example of Removal of Carbon from Iron) 1.4.7. Deoxidizing of Metals 1.5. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL AND SLAG MELTS 1.5.1. Metallurgical Slags and Their Functions in Metallurgy 1.5.2. Composition and Structure of Molten Slags 1.5.3. Structure-Sensitive Properties of Metal and Slag Melts 1.5.4. Viscosity 1.5.5. Diffusion 1.5.6. Electrical Conductivity 1.5.7. Surface Tension 1.6. CRYSTALLIZATION REFINING METHODS 1.6.1. Liquation Refining 1.6.2. Fractional Recrystallization 1.7. PROCESSES OF EVAPORATION, SUBLIMATION AND CONDENSATION Control Questions and Tasks 2. HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSES 2.1. HYDROMETALLURGY 2.2. LEACHING 2.2.1. Gas – Liquid Solution Equilibrium in Binary Systems 2.2.2. Solubility of Solids 2.2.3. Thermodynamics of Simple Dissolution 2.2.4. Thermodynamics of Leaching Processes Followed by Chemical Reactions. Dissolution of Metals, Oxides and Sparingly Soluble Salts 2.2.5. Reagent Consumption and Equilibrium Constant 2.2.6. Dilution of the Solution 2.2.7. Pourbaix Diagrams 2.2.8. Kinetics of Leaching. Multi-Stage Nature of Leaching. Influence of Temperature 2.2.9. General Equation of Leaching Kinetics 2.2.10. Features of Leaching Involving Gaseous Reagent 2.2.11. Regularities of External and Internal Diffusion 2.2.12. The Regularities of the Process in the Kinetic Region 2.2.13. Influence of Surface Modification of Solid Phase 2.3. EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE PROCESSES 2.3.1. Fundamentals of Extraction Processes. General Information 2.3.2. Extractional Equilibrium 2.3.3. Synergic Effect with the Use of Two Extragents 2.3.4. Kinetics of Extraction Processes 2.3.5. Fundamentals of Ion Exchange Processes. General Information 2.3.6. Equilibrium of Ion Exchange 2.3.7. Kinetics of Ion Exchange 2.3.8. Influence of Various Factors on the Process of Sorption 2.4. FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL OR THEIR COMPOUNDS ALLOCATION FROM WATER SOLUTIONS 2.4.1. Selection of Small-Solved Compounds 2.4.2. Factors Affecting Solubility of Salts 2.4.3. Conditions of Deposition of Hydroxides and Basic Salts 2.4.4. Deposition of Metal Sulfides 2.5. CEMENTATION 2.5.1. Thermodynamics of Cementation 2.5.2. Mechanism and Kinetics of Cemen 2.6. DEPOSITION OF METALS AND OXIDES FROM SOLUTIONS BY MEANS OF REDUCTION WITH HYDROGEN AND OTHER GASES Control Questions and Tasks 3. ELECTROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSES 3.1. ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS AND THEIR BASIC ELEMENTS 3.2. EQUILIBRIUM IN SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES 3.2.1. Equilibrium of Electrolytic Dissociation 3.2.2. Criticism of the Arrenius Theory 3.2.3. Electrostatic Theory of Strong Electrolytes 3.3. NON-EQUILIBRIUM PHENOMENA IN ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS 3.3.1. Basic Concepts and Regulations 3.3.2. Number of Transfer 3.3.3. Faradey’s Laws 3.4. ELECTROCHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS 3.4.1. Electrode Potential and Electromotive Force 3.4.2. Electrode Reactions and Electrochemical Chains 3.4.3. Thermodynamics of Reversible Electrochemical Systems 3.4.4. Classification of Reversible Electrodes 3.4.5. Electrochemical Circuits 3.5. ELECTROCHEMICAL KINETICS 3.5.1. Types of Transfer in Electrochemical Systems 3.5.2. Diffusional Overvoltage 3.5.3. Electrochemical Overvoltage 3.5.4. Chemical Reaction Overvoltage 3.5.5. Phase Overvoltage 3.6. REGULARITIES AND MECHANISM OF SOME ELECTRODE PROCESSES 3.6.1. Electrolytic Evolution of Hydrogen 3.6.2. Electrodeposition of Metals 3.6.3. Joint Reduction of Metal and Hydrogen Cations 3.6.4. Joint Reduction of Multiple Metals 3.6.5. Anodic Dissolution of Metals 3.7. MOLTEN SALTS ELECTROCHEMISTRY 3.7.1. General Characteristics of Molten Salts 3.7.2. Electrochemical Thermodynamics of Molten Salt Systems 3.7.3. Reference Electrodes and Rows of Potentials 3.7.4. Kinetics of Electrode Processes in Molten Salts Control Questions and Tasks CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY