Geomechanical in CO2 Storage Facilities

Description

CO2 capture and geological storage is seen as the most effective technology to rapidly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Up until now and before proceeding to an industrial development of this technology, laboratory research has been conducted for several years and pilot projects have been launched. So far, these studies have mainly focused on transport and geochemical issues and few studies have been dedicated to the geomechanical issues in CO2 storage facilities. The purpose of this book is to give an overview of the multiphysics processes occurring in CO2 storage facilities, with particular attention given to coupled geomechanical problems. The book is divided into three parts. The first part is dedicated to transport processes and focuses on the efficiency of the storage complex and the evaluation of possible leakage paths. The second part deals with issues related to reservoir injectivity and the presence of fractures and occurrence of damage. The final part of the book concerns the serviceability and ageing of the geomaterials whose poromechanical properties may be altered by contact with the injected reactive fluid. Title Page Contents Preface PART 1. TRANSPORT PROCESSES Chapter 1. Assessing Seal Rock Integrity for CO2 Geological Storage Purposes 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Gas breakthrough experiments in water-saturated rocks 1.3. Interfacial properties involved in seal rock integrity 1.3.1. Brine-gas IFT 1.3.2. Wetting behavior 1.4. Maximum bottomhole pressure for storage in a depleted hydrocarbon reservoir 1.5. Evidences for capillary fracturing in seal rocks 1.6. Summary and prospects 1.7. Bibliography Chapter 2. Gas Migration through Clay Barriers in the Context of Radioactive Waste Disposal: Numerical Modeling of an In Situ Gas Injection Test 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Field experiment description 2.3. Boundary value problem 2.3.1. 1D and 3D geometry and boundary conditions 2.3.2. Hydraulic model 2.3.3. Hydraulic parameters 2.4. Numerical results 2.4.1. 1D modeling 2.4.2. 3D modeling 2.5. Discussion and conclusions 2.6. Bibliography Chapter 3. Upscaling Permeation Properties in Porous Materials from Pore Size Distributions 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Assembly of parallel pores 3.2.1. Presentation 3.2.2. Permeability 3.2.3. Case of a sinusoidal multi-modal pore size distribution 3.3. Mixed assembly of parallel and series pores 3.3.1. Presentation 3.3.2. Permeability 3.4. Comparisons with experimental results 3.4.1. Electrical fracturing tests 3.4.2. Measurement of the pore size distribution 3.4.3. Model capabilities to predict permeability and comparisons with experiments 3.5. Conclusions 3.6. Acknowledgments 3.7. Bibliography PART 2. FRACTURE, DEFORMATION AND COUPLED EFFECTS Chapter 4. A Non-Local Damage Model for Heterogeneous Rocks – Application to Rock Fracturing Evaluation Under Gas Injection Conditions 4.1. Introduction 4.2. A probabilistic non-local model for rock fracturing 4.3. Hydromechanical coupling scheme 4.4. Application example and results 4.4.1. Effect of Weibull modulus 4.5. Conclusions and perspectives 4.6. Acknowledgments 4.7. Bibliography Chapter 5. Caprock Breach: A Potential Threat to Secure Geologic Sequestration of CO2 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Caprock flexure during injection 5.2.1. Numerical results for the caprock–geologic media interaction 5.3. Fluid leakage from a fracture in the caprock 5.3.1. Numerical results for fluid leakage from a fracture in the caprock 5.4. Concluding remarks 5.5. Acknowledgment 5.6. Bibliography Chapter 6. Shear Behavior Evolution of a Fault due to Chemical Degradation of Roughness: Application to the Geological Storage of CO2 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Experimental setup 6.3. Roughness and chemical attack 6.4. Shear tests 6.5. Peak shear strength and peak shear displacement: Barton’s model 6.6. Conclusion and perspectives 6.7. Acknowledgment 6.8. Bibliography Chapter 7. CO2 Storage in Coal Seams: Coupling Surface Adsorption and Strain 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Poromechanical model for coal bed reservoir 7.2.1. Physics of adsorption-induced swelling of coal 7.2.2. Assumptions of model for coal bed reservoir 7.2.3. Case of coal bed reservoir with no adsorption 7.2.4. Derivation of constitutive equations for coal bed reservoir with adsorption 7.3. Simulations 7.3.1. Simulations at the molecular scale: adsorption of carbon dioxide on coal 7.3.2. Simulations at the scale of the reservoir 7.3.3. Discussion 7.4. Conclusions 7.5. Bibliography PART 3. AGING AND INTEGRITY Chapter 8. Modeling by omogenization of the Long erm Rock Dissolution and eomechanical Effects 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Microstructure and modeling by homogenization 8.3. Homogenization of the H-M-T problem 8.3.1. Formulation of the problem at the microscopic scale 8.3.2. Asymptotic developments method 8.3.4. Summary of the macroscopic “H-M-T model” 8.4. Homogenization of the C-M problem 8.4.1. Formulation of the problem at the microscopic scale 8.4.2. Homogenization 8.4.3. Summary of the macroscopic “C-M model” 8.5. Numerical computations of the time degradation of the macroscopic rigidity tensor 8.5.1. Definition of the problem 8.5.2. Results and discussion 8.6. Conclusions 8.7. Acknowledgment 8.8. Bibliography Chapter 9. Chemoplastic Modeling of Petroleum Cement Paste under Coupled Conditions 9.1. Introduction 9.2. General framework for chemo-mechanical modeling 9.2.1. Phenomenological chemistry model 9.3. Specific plastic model for petroleum cement paste 9.3.1. Elastic behavior 9.3.2. Plastic pore collapse model 9.3.3. Plastic shearing model 9.4. Validation of model 9.5. Conclusions and perspectives 9.6. Bibliography Chapter 10. Reactive Transport Modeling of CO2 Through Cementitious Materials Under Supercritical Boundary Conditions 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Carbonation of cement-based materials 10.2.1. Solubility of the supercritical CO2 in the pore solution 10.2.2. Chemical reactions 10.2.3. Carbonation of CH 10.2.4. Carbonation of C-S-H 10.2.5. Porosity change 10.3. Reactive transport modeling 10.3.1. Field eq 10.3.2. Transport of the liquid phase 10.3.3. Transport of the gas phase 10.3.4. Transport of aqueous species 10.4. Simulation results and discussion 10.4.1. Sandstone-like co 10.4.2. Limestone-like conditions 10.4.3. Study of CO2 concentration and initial porosity 10.4.4. Supercritical boundary conditions 10.5. Conclusion 10.6. Acknowledgment 10.7. Bibliography Chapter 11. Chemo-Poromechanical Study of Wellbore Cement Integrity 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Poromechanics of cement carbonation in the context of CO2 storage 11.2.1. Context and definitions 11.2.2. Chemical reactions 11.2.3. Chemo-poromechanical behaviour 11.2.4. Balance equations 11.3. Application to wellbore cement 11.3.1. Description of the problem 11.3.2. Initial state and boundary conditions 11.3.3. Illustrative results 11.4. Conclusion 11.5. Acknowledgments 11.6. Bibliography List of Authors Index