Cellulose nanocrystals : properties, production, and applications

Description

Research into cellulose nanocrystals is currently in an exponential growth phase, with research into potential applications now strengthened by recent advances in nanomanufacturing. The possibility of routine commercial production of these advanced materials is now becoming a reality. Cellulose Nanocrystals: Properties, Production and Applications provides an in-depth overview of the materials science, chemistry and physics of cellulose nanocrystals, and the technical development of advanced materials based on cellulose nanocrystals for industrial and medical applications. Topics covered include: - A comprehensive treatment of the structure, morphology and synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals. - The science and engineering of producing cellulose nanocrystals and the challenges involved in nanomanufacturing on a large industrial scale. - Surfacenterface modifications of cellulose nanocrystals for the development of novel biomaterials with attractive structural and functional properties.- The scientific bases for developing cellulose-based nanomaterials with advanced functionalities for industrial/medical applications and consumer products. - Discussions on the (i) reinforcing potential of cellulose nanocrystals in polymer nanocomposites, (ii) utilization of these nanocrystals as efficient templates for developing tunable photonic materials, as well as (iii) applications in sustainable electronics and biomedicine. Cellulose Nanocrystals: Properties, Production and Applications will appeal to audiences in the physical, chemical and biological sciences as well as engineering disciplines. It will be of critical interest to industrialists seeking to develop sustainable new materials for the advanced industrial economies of the 21st century, ranging from adaptive "smart" packaging materials, to new chiral, mesoporous materials for optoelectronics and photonics , to high-performance nanocomposites for structural applications. Read more... Abstract: Research into cellulose nanocrystals is currently in an exponential growth phase, with research into potential applications now strengthened by recent advances in nanomanufacturing. The possibility of routine commercial production of these advanced materials is now becoming a reality. Read more... Content: Series Preface xiii Foreword xv Prologue xviii 1 New Frontiers for Material Development and the Challenge of Nanotechnology 1 1.1 Perspectives on Nanotechnology 1 1.2 Societal Ramifications of Nanotechnology 3 1.3 Bio?]inspired Material Development: The Case for Cellulose Nanocrystals 5 1.4 A Glance at Bio?]inspired Hierarchical Materials 9 1.5 Concluding Thoughts 13 Notes 13 2 Assembly and Structure in Native Cellulosic Fibers 16 2.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Cellulose Molecule 16 2.1.1 The Origin of Cellulose 16 2.1.2 The Chemistry of Cellulose 18 2.1.3 The Physics of Cellulose 20 2.2 Morphology and Structure of Native Cellulosic Fibers 22 2.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Native Cellulosic Fibers 25 2.3.1 Anisotropy of the Fiber Cell Wall 25 2.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Cellulosic Fibers 29 Notes 32 3 Hydrolytic Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 The Liberation of CNCs Using Acid Hydrolysis 35 3.3 Reaction Kinetics of CNC Extraction 38 3.3.1 Effects of H2SO4 Hydrolysis Conditions and Sulfation on CNC Yield of Extraction 38 3.3.2 H2SO4 Hydrolysis Reproducibility and Yield Optimization 46 3.3.3 Commentary on Hydrochloric Acid?]Hydrolyzed CNCs 48 3.3.4 CNC Stability and Post H2SO4?]Hydrolysis Aging 49 3.4 Processing Considerations for Sustainable and Economical Manufacture of CNCs 50 3.5 Micro/Nano Cellulosics Other Than CNCs 53 3.5.1 Microfibrillated Cellulose 53 3.5.2 Microcrystalline Cellulose 57 3.5.3 Bacterial Cellulose 60 Notes 62 4 Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals 65 4.1 Morphological Characteristics of CNCs 65 4.2 Structural Organization of CNCs 68 4.3 Solid?]State Characteristics of CNCs 74 4.3.1 X?]Ray Diffractometric Analysis of CNCs 76 4.3.2 CNCs Phase Structure Based on SS?]NMR 81 4.3.3 Concluding Remarks 87 4.4 CNCs Chiral Nematic Phase Properties 87 4.4.1 Ionic Strength Effect on Chiral Phase Separation 88 4.4.2 Temperature Effect on Chiral Phase Separation 91 4.4.3 Suspension Concentration Effect on Chiral Phase Separation 92 4.4.4 Magnetic Field Effect on Chiral Phase Separation 94 4.4.5 Sonication Effect on Physicochemical Properties 94 4.5 Shear Rheology of CNC Aqueous Suspensions 95 4.5.1 Basic Rheological Behavior of CNC Aqueous Suspensions 95 4.5.2 Sonication Effects on the Microstructure and Rheological Properties of CNCs Suspensions 98 4.5.3 Concentration Effects on the Microstructure and Rheological Properties of CNC Suspensions 100 4.5.4 Temperature Effects on the Microstructure and Rheological Properties of CNC Suspensions 106 4.5.5 CNCs Surface Charge Effects on the Microstructure and Rheological Properties of CNC Suspensions 112 4.5.6 Ionic Strength Effects on the Microstructure and Rheological Properties of CNC Suspensions 118 4.5.7 Aging and Yielding Characteristics of CNC Suspensions 123 4.5.8 Concluding Remarks 128 4.6 Thermal Stability of CNCs 129 Notes 134 5 Applications of Cellulose Nanocrystals 138 5.1 Prelude 138 5.2 The Reinforcing Potential of CNCs in Polymer Nanocomposites 140 5.2.1 Basic Concepts in Composites 140 5.2.2 Generic Methods for Surface Functionalization 142 5.2.3 Why CNCs for Reinforcement? 147 5.2.4 Performance of CNCs in Compatible Polymer Systems 150 5.2.5 Nanocomposites Prepared by Postpolymerization Compounding of CNCs and Thermoplastic Polymers 154 5.2.6 Controlling Nanocomposite Crystallinity and Plasticity via In Situ Polymerization Methodologies in the Presence of CNCs 165 5.2.7 CNCs in Thermosetting Polymers: Tailoring Cross?]Linking Density and Toughness 172 5.2.8 Comments on Modeling the Mechanical Response of CNC?]Reinforced Nanocomposites 177 5.2.9 Conclusions and Critical Insights 181 5.3 CNC?]Stabilized Emulsions, Gels, and Hydrogels 184 5.3.1 Pickering Emulsions 184 5.3.2 High Internal Phase Emulsions 187 5.3.3 pH?]Responsive Gels and Flocculants 189 5.3.4 Hydrogels 190 5.4 Controlled Self?]Assembly of Functional Cellulosic Materials 194 5.4.1 Flexible CNC Films with Tunable Optical Properties 194 5.4.2 Mesoporous Photonic Cellulose Films 197 5.5 Toward Bio?]inspired Photonic and Electronic Materials 202 5.5.1 Mesoporous Photonic Materials from Cellulose Nanomaterial Liquid Crystal Templates 202 5.5.2 Actuators and Sensors 217 5.5.3 Sustainable Electronics Based on CNCs 225 5.5.4 Conclusions and Outlook 232 5.6 CNCs in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals 233 5.7 Environmental, Health, and Safety Considerations of CNCs 235 5.8 Perspectives and Challenges 238 Notes 239 Epilogue The Never?]Ending Evolution of Scientific Insights 248 Bibliography 252 Subject Index 288