Chemistry : an introduction to general, organic, and biological chemistry

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Front Cover Title Page Copyright Page Brief Contents Table of Contents Applications and Activities About the Author Preface Chapter 1 Chemistry in Our Lives CAREER Forensic Scientist CLINICAL UPDATE Forensic Evidence Helps Solve the Crime 1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals 1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Early Chemist: Paracelsus 1.3 Studying and Learning Chemistry 1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry 1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation CLINICAL UPDATE: Forensic Evidence Helps Solve the Crime Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Key Math Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers Chapter 2 Chemistry and Measurements CAREER Registered Nurse CLINICAL UPDATE Greg’s Visit with His Doctor 2.1 Units of Measurement 2.2 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures 2.3 Significant Figures in Calculations 2.4 Prefixes and Equalities 2.5 Writing Conversion Factors 2.6 Problem Solving Using Unit Conversion 2.7 Density CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Bone Density CLINICAL UPDATE: Greg’s Visit with His Doctor Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Key Math Skill Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers Chapter 3 Matter and Energy CAREER Dietitian CLINICAL UPDATE A Diet and Exercise Program 3.1 Classification of Matter CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Breathing Mixtures 3.2 States and Properties of Matter 3.3 Temperature CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Variation in Body Temperature 3.4 Energy CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change 3.5 Energy and Nutrition CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Losing and Gaining Weight 3.6 Specific Heat 3.7 Changes of State CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Steam Burns CLINICAL UPDATE: A Diet and Exercise Program Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 1 to 3 Chapter 4 Atoms and Elements CAREER Farmer CLINICAL UPDATE Improving Crop Production 4.1 Elements and Symbols CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Toxicity of Mercury 4.2 The Periodic Table CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Elements Essential to Health 4.3 The Atom 4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Many Forms of Carbon 4.5 Isotopes and Atomic Mass 4.6 Electron Energy Levels CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Biological Reactions to UV Light 4.7 Trends in Periodic Properties CLINICAL UPDATE: Improving Crop Production Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers Chapter 5 Nuclear Chemistry CAREER Radiation Technologist CLINICAL UPDATE Cardiac Imaging Using a Radioisotope 5.1 Natural Radioactivity 5.2 Nuclear Reactions CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Radon in Our Homes 5.3 Radiation Measurement CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Radiation and Food 5.4 Half‐Life of a Radioisotope CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Dating Ancient Objects 5.5 Medical Applications Using Radioactivity CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Brachytherapy 5.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Nuclear Power Plants CLINICAL UPDATE: Cardiac Imaging Using a Radioisotope Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers Chapter 6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds CAREER Pharmacy Technician CLINICAL UPDATE Compounds at the Pharmacy 6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Some Important Ions in the Body 6.2 Ionic Compounds 6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas 6.4 Polyatomic Ions 6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons 6.6 Lewis Structures for Molecules 6.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity 6.8 Shapes of Molecules 6.9 Polarity of Molecules and Intermolecular Forces CLINICAL UPDATE: Compounds at the Pharmacy Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 4 to 6 Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities and Reactions CAREER Exercise Physiologist CLINICAL UPDATE Improving Natalie’s Overall Fitness 7.1 The Mole 7.2 Molar Mass 7.3 Calculations Using Molar Mass 7.4 Equations for Chemical Reactions 7.5 Types of Chemical Reactions CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Incomplete Combustion: Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide 7.6 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 7.7 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations 7.8 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions 7.9 Energy in Chemical Reactions CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Cold Packs and Hot Packs CLINICAL UPDATE: Improving Natalie’s Overall Fitness Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers Chapter 8 Gases CAREER Respiratory Therapist CLINICAL UPDATE Exercise‐Induced Asthma 8.1 Properties of Gases CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Measuring Blood Pressure 8.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law) CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Pressure-Volume Relationship in Breathing 8.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles’s Law) 8.4 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law) 8.5 The Combined Gas Law 8.6 Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law) 8.7 Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law) CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Hyperbaric Chambers CLINICAL UPDATE: Exercise-Induced Asthma Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers Chapter 9 Solutions CAREER Dialysis Nurse CLINICAL UPDATE Using Dialysis for Renal Failure 9.1 Solutions CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Water in the Body 9.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Electrolytes in Body Fluids 9.3 Solubility CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Gout and Kidney Stones: A Problem of Saturation in Body Fluids 9.4 Solution Concentrations 9.5 Dilution of Solutions 9.6 Properties of Solutions CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Dialysis by the Kidneys and the Artificial Kidney CLINICAL UPDATE: Using Dialysis for Renal Failure Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 7 to 9 Chapter 10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium CAREER Clinical Laboratory Technician CLINICAL UPDATE Acid Reflux Disease 10.1 Acids and Bases 10.2 BrØnsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 10.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases 10.4 Acid–Base Equilibrium CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Oxygen–Hemoglobin Equilibrium and Hypoxia 10.5 Dissociation of Water 10.6 The pH Scale CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Stomach Acid, HCl 10.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Antacids 10.8 Buffers CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Buffers in the Blood Plasma CLINICAL UPDATE: Acid Reflux Disease Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Key Math Skills Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons CAREER Firefighter/Emergency Medical Technician CLINICAL UPDATE Diane’s Treatment in the Burn Unit 11.1 Organic Compounds 11.2 Alkanes 11.3 Alkanes with Substituents 11.4 Properties of Alkanes 11.5 Alkenes and Alkynes 11.6 Cis–Trans Isomers CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Pheromones in Insect Communication CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Cis–Trans Isomers for Night Vision 11.7 Addition Reactions for Alkenes CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats 11.8 Aromatic Compounds CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Some Common Aromatic Compounds CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) CLINICAL UPDATE: Diane’s Treatment in the Burn Unit Concept Map Chapter Review Summary of Naming Summary of Reactions Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers Chapter 12 Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones CAREER Dermatology Nurse CLINICAL UPDATE Diana’s Skin Protection Plan 12.1 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Some Important Alcohols and Phenols CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Ethers as Anesthetics 12.2 Properties of Alcohols CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Hand Sanitizers 12.3 Aldehydes and Ketones CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Some Important Aldehydes and Ketones 12.4 Reactions of Alcohols, Thiols, Aldehydes, and Ketones CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Oxidation of Alcohol in the Body CLINICAL UPDATE: Diana’s Skin Protection Plan Concept Map Chapter Review Summary of Naming Summary of Reactions Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 10 to 12 Chapter 13 Carbohydrates CAREER Diabetes Nurse CLINICAL UPDATE Kate’s Program for Type 2 Diabetes 13.1 Carbohydrates 13.2 Chiral Molecules CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Enantiomers in Biological Systems 13.3 Fischer Projections of Monosaccharides CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia 13.4 Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides 13.5 Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Testing for Glucose 13.6 Disaccharides CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: How Sweet Is My Sweetener? CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Blood Types and Carbohydrates 13.7 Polysaccharides CLINICAL UPDATE: Kate’s Program for Type 2 Diabetes Concept Map Chapter Review Summary of Carbohydrates Summary of Reactions Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers Chapter 14 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides CAREER Environmental Health Practitioner CLINICAL UPDATE Testing Soil and Water Samples for Chemicals 14.1 Carboxylic Acids 14.2 Properties of Carboxylic Acids CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Carboxylic Acids in Metabolism 14.3 Esters CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Salicylic Acid from a Willow Tree CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Plastics 14.4 Hydrolysis of Esters 14.5 Amines CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Amines in Health and Medicine CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Alkaloids: Amines in Plants 14.6 Amides CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Amides in Health and Medicine CLINICAL UPDATE: Testing Soil and Water Samples for Chemicals Concept Map Chapter Review Summary of Naming Summary of Reactions Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers Chapter 15 Lipids CAREER Clinical Lipid Specialist CLINICAL UPDATE Rebecca’s Program to Lower Cholesterol 15.1 Lipids 15.2 Fatty Acids CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Omega‐3 Fatty Acids in Fish Oils 15.3 Waxes and Triacylglycerols 15.4 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Converting Unsaturated Fats to Saturated Fats: Hydrogenation 15.5 Phospholipids CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) 15.6 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Anabolic Steroids 15.7 Cell Membranes CLINICAL UPDATE: Rebecca’s Program to Lower Cholesterol Concept Map Chapter Review Summary of Reactions Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 13 to 15 Chapter 16 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes CAREER Physician Assistant CLINICAL UPDATE Jeremy’s Diagnosis and Treatment for Sickle‐Cell Anemia 16.1 Proteins and Amino Acids 16.2 Proteins: Primary Structure CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Essential Amino Acids and Complete Proteins CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Polypeptides in the Body 16.3 Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structures CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Protein Secondary Structures and Alzheimer’s Disease CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Sickle‐Cell Anemia 16.4 Enzymes CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Isoenzymes as Diagnostic Tools 16.5 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity CLINICAL UPDATE: Jeremy’s Diagnosis and Treatment for Sickle‐Cell Anemia Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Understanding Protein Structures Answers Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis CAREER Histology Technician CLINICAL UPDATE Ellen’s Medical Treatment Following Breast Cancer Surgery 17.1 Components of Nucleic Acids 17.2 Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids 17.3 DNA Double Helix and Replication 17.4 RNA and Transcription 17.5 The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Many Antibiotics Inhibit Protein Synthesis 17.6 Genetic Mutations 17.7 Recombinant DNA 17.8 Viruses CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Cancer CLINICAL UPDATE: Ellen’s Medical Treatment Following Breast Cancer Surgery Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers Chapter 18 Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production CAREER Public Health Nurse (PHN) CLINICAL UPDATE Treatment of Luke’s Hepatitis C 18.1 Metabolism and ATP Energy 18.2 Digestion of Foods CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Lactose Intolerance 18.3 Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways 18.4 Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose 18.5 The Citric Acid Cycle 18.6 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: ATP Synthase and Heating the Body 18.7 Oxidation of Fatty Acids CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Stored Fat and Obesity CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Ketone Bodies and Diabetes 18.8 Degradation of Amino Acids CLINICAL UPDATE: Treatment of Luke’s Hepatitis C Concept Map Chapter Review Summary of Reactions Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 16 to 18 Credits Glossary/Index Back Cover