Synoptic Problems: Collected Essays

Description

This volume contains a collection of twenty-one essays of John S. Kloppenborg, with four foci: conceptual and methodological issues in the Synoptic Problem; the Sayings Gospel Q; the Gospel of Mark; and the Parables of Jesus. Kloppenborg, a major contributor to the Synoptic Problem, is especially interested in how one constructs synoptic hypotheses, always aware of the many gaps in our knowledge, the presence of competing hypotheses, and the theological and historical entailments in any given hypothesis. Common to the essays in the remaining three sections is the insistence that the literature, thought and practices of the early Jesus movement must be treated with a deep awareness of their social, literary, and intellectual contexts. The context of the early Jesus movement is illumined not simply by resort to the literary and historical sources produced by Greek and Roman elites but, more importantly, by data gathered from documentary sources available in non-literary papyri. Cover Preface Contents Abbreviations Introduction Part I: SYNOPTIC PROBLEMS 1. The Theological Stakes in the Synoptic Problem I II III 1. The Theological Description of the Evangelists’ Work: A Test Case 2. Theological Development in Early Gospel Literature 3. Some Theological Stakes in the Synoptic Problem IV Addendum 2. Is there a New Paradigm? Goulder on Paradigms 1. Falsifiability: Goulder’s Popperian View Are Synoptic Theories Falsifiable? The Nature of Synoptic Hypotheses 1. The Minor Agreements and the 2DH Is Goulder’s “Paradigm” New? Is the 2DH Imperiled? Conclusion Addendum 3. On Dispensing with Q? Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthew Naming the Hypothesis Preliminary Arguments Challenging the status quo Objections to the MwQH 1. Matthew’s Additions in the Triple Tradition 2. Luke’s Lack of ‘M’ 3. Alternating Primitivity 4. The Coherence of Q 5. Brauchbarkeit Unscrambling the Egg The Coherence of Lukan Redaction Petering Out Addendum 4. Variation in the Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Q? Six Models The Problem of High Verbatim Agreement The Social Location of the Synoptic Copyists Addendum 5. Synopses and the Synoptic Problem I. Neutrality in Synopses? II. The Sequence of Columns III. Pericope Division IV. The Alignment of Parallels 1. Better and Worse Alignments? a. Aland (Figures 2, 3, 4) b. Huck-Lietzmann (Huck-Greeven) (Figures 5, 6) c. The Sermon on the Mount at Mark 1:21 (Figures 7, 8) 2. Systematic Bias? Addendum Part II: THE SAYINGS GOSPEL Q 6. Symbolic Eschatology and the Apocalypticism of Q Introduction Eschatological Wisdom in Q Nonapocalyptic Configurations in Q Q’s Use of Apocalyptic Language Symbolic Eschatology and Apocalypticism in Q Addendum 7. “Easter Faith” and the Sayings Gospel Q Introduction Catechesis and Missionary Preaching in the “Second Sphere” The Synoptic Passion Narratives and Q Resurrection and the Hermeneutical Horizon of Q Addendum 8. Nomos and Ethos in Q Pharisaic Halakah and the Q-Woes Q 11:39–41: On purifications Q 11:42: On tithing Q 16:16–18 A Nomocentric Redaction of Q? Law and Salvation in Q Addendum 9. City and Wasteland: Narrative World and the Beginning of the Sayings Gospel (Q) Introduction Reconstructing the Beginning of Q The Beginning of Q and the Story of Lot The Social Map of Q Spatiality and the Narrative Map of Q Addendum 10. Literary Evidence, Self-Evidence, and the Social History of the Q People Introduction From Text to Social Entity The Instructional Layer and its Audience 1. Form, Content and Rhetoric 2. The Social Location 3. The Social Situation 4. Q’s Vision of the Kingdom and its Propagation Rejection and Rationalization 1. Chreia and Q 2. Defining the Boundaries 3. Social Location of the Q People The Final Redaction and its Public Conclusion Addendum 11. The Sayings Gospel Q: Literary and Stratigraphic Problems I. Introduction II. The Literary Analysis of Q 1. Late additions to Q 2. Redactional creations in Q III. The Composition of Q 1. Models of Composition a. A Single Redaction b. The Formation of the Component Materials in Q c. Stratigraphic Models d. Interpolation Theories 2. Compositional Scenarios a. Tradition-historical Approaches b. Early Redactional Analyses c. Five Recent Analyses i. ARLAND D. JACOBSON ii. MIGAKU SATO iii. DIETER ZELLER iv. JOHN S. KLOPPENBORG v. RONALD PIPER vi. CONCLUSION IV. Method in the Analysis of Q Appendix A: Schmithals and Schenk Walther Schmithals 1. Formative Stratum 2. Secondary Christological Stratum Wolfgang Schenk Appendix B: Comparative Stratigraphy of Q Sigla Addendum 12. A Dog Among the Pigeons: The ‘Cynic Hypothesis’ as a Theological Problem The Cynic Hypothesis Reactions to the Cynic Hypothesis 1. N.T. Wright: The Wrong Stuff 2. Comparative Parity a. The Dating of Cynic Parallels b. The Culture of the Galilee c. Diversity in Cynicism and the Cogency of Parallels The Sub-Text of Criticism 1. A Cynic Q and Biblical Theology 2. Cynicism, Eschatology and Christology 3. Degrees of Deviance Conclusion Addendum 13. Discursive Practices in the Sayings Gospel Q and the Quest for the Historical Jesus The Redaction of Q as Historical Constraint 1. The Constraints of Q’s Redaction The Inscription of Q as Performance Q’s Performance as Control 1. Jesus as Subversive Sage/Apocalyptic Prophet a. Q 11:2–4 b. Q 6:20–23: The Poor and the Kingdom c. Gos. Thom. 54 d. Q 6:20b (21–23) e. James 2:5 2. Jesus, the Baptist, and the Call to National Repentance Conclusion Addendum Part III: MARK 14. Egyptian Viticultural Practices and the Citation of Isa 5:1–7 in Mark 12:1–9 Isaiah 5:1–7 in the MT and the LXX 1. The Hebrew Version (MT) a. General Structure b. Notes 2. The Septuagint (LXX) a. General Structure b. Notes Mark 12:1, 9 and Isaiah 5:1–7 Addendum 15. Self-Help or Deus ex Machina in Mark 12:9? Mark 12:9 and the Original Parable Self-Help in Graeco-Roman and Palestinian Law Conclusion Addendum 16. Evocatio deorum and the Date of Mark Mark 13:14 Mark 13:1–2 Evocatio deorum Evocatio and Mark 13:2 1. An Evocatio performed by Titus? 2. The Evocatio as a Literary Topos 3. Mark 13:2bc as an Allusion to the Evocatio Conclusion Addendum 17. Agrarian Discourse in the Sayings of Jesus The Measure for Measure Aphorism: Q 6:38c || Mark 4:24b The Measure for Measure Aphorism in Judaean and Mediterranean Contexts 1. Μέτρον as a Measuring Vessel 2. Point of View: Borrower or Lender? 3. The Uses of μετρειῖν in Legal Documents The Measure-for-Measure Aphorism in the Jesus Tradition Later Applications of Measure-for-Measure Conclusion Addendum Part IV: PARABLES 18. Jesus and the Parables of Jesus in Q From Parable to Didactic Narrative and Back Between Jesus and the Parables in Q: Three Puzzles The Function of “Parables” in Q 1. Parables in the Redactional Layer The Children in the Agora The Great Supper The Slave Left in Charge The Entrusted Money 2. The Formative Stratum The Rich Farmer (Q 12:16–21) The Mustard and the Leaven The Lost Sheep and the Lost Drachma The Kingdom, Jesus and the Rhetoric of Q Addendum 19. The Parable of the Prodigal Son and Deeds of Gift Types of Dispositions Divisio inter vivos The Younger Son Addendum 20. Pastoralism, Papyri and the Parable of the Shepherd Introduction The Parable of the Shepherd Three Models of Pastoralism Ownership Shepherds: Qualitative Aspects Why did the Shepherd Seek the Lost? The Economics of Pastoralism The Parable of the Shepherd Addendum 21. The Representation of Violence in the Synoptic Parables Force and Violence in the Ancient Mediterranean Violent Gods and Heroes Violence, Realistic and Imaginary in Mark Force and Violence in Q 1. Q 12:33–34, 39–40 2. Q 12:42–46: The Slave left in Charge Divine Force and Violence in Matthew 1. The Destruction of Opponents: Matt 21:33–22:10 2. Force against Insiders in Matthew Conclusion Addendum Bibliography Index of Modern Authors Index of Ancient Texts Hebrew Scriptures and Related Literature Literature of the Early Jesus Movement Targumim and Rabbinic Literature Classical and Patristic Literature Inscriptions and Papyri