Application of Quantum Dots in Biology and Medicine: Recent Advances

Description

This book illustrates various applications of quantum dots (QDs) in the biomedical field and future perspectives. It first introduces the synthesis procedures and fundamental properties of QDs. In addition, the optical detection techniques and toxicologic reviews of QDs are presented. A focus of the book is also on the applications of QDs in cancer therapy, drug delivery, bio-sensing, and targeted molecular therapy. This book is exciting and valuable to a wide variety of readership communities (students, early-stage researchers, and scientists) in the various fields of biology and medicine. Foreword by Dr. Soumitra Kumar Choudhuri Foreword by Prof. Pranab Sarkar Preface Contents Introduction to Quantum Dots References Synthetic Developments of Semiconductor Quantum Dot for Biological Applications 1 Introduction 2 Classification of QDs by Their Composition 2.1 Core Type QDs 2.2 Core–Shell Type QDs 2.3 Alloyed Shell Type QDs 3 Synthetic Strategies 3.1 Physicochemical Principles of Nucleation and Growth 3.2 Chemistry of the Inorganic Core, Interaction with Organic Surface Ligands 4 Surface Modification of QDs for Biological Applications 4.1 Surface Coating 4.2 Encapsulation of Amphiphilic Ligands 4.3 Multidentate Ligands for Ligands Exchange 5 Conclusion References All-Optical Detection of Biocompatible Quantum Dots 1 Introduction 2 Basic Properties of QDs 3 Optical Techniques for the Detection of QDs 3.1 Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy 3.2 Fluorescence Microscopy 3.3 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) Technology 3.4 FTIR Spectroscopy 3.5 Raman Spectroscopy 4 Conclusion References A Toxicologic Review of Quantum Dots: Recent Insights and Future Directions 1 Introduction 2 General Comments on the Toxicity of QDs 2.1 Identifying Hazards 2.2 Routes of Exposure to QDs 2.3 Factors Affecting NPs-Cell Interactions 2.4 Mechanisms of Cellular and Tissue Transport of QDs 2.5 Dose Assessment for Nanotoxicology 2.6 The Biological Relevance of Nanotoxicology 2.7 Nanotoxicity Assessment 3 Strategies to Mitigate the Toxicity of QDs 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Quantum Dots in Lateral Flow and Other Biological Assay Formats 1 Introduction 2 Quantum Dot Use in Biological and Diagnostic Assays 2.1 Advantages of Quantum Dots 2.2 Disadvantages of Quantum Dots and Remedies 3 Discussion 4 Conclusions References Recent Developments in Quantum Dots Technologies as Effective Theranostic Tools Against Cancer 1 Introduction 2 Cancer: Selective Types and Properties 2.1 Breast Cancer 2.2 Liver Cancer 2.3 Gastric Cancer 2.4 Lung Cancer 3 Nanoparticles Used in Cancer Therapy: Focus on Quantum Dots 3.1 Inorganic Quantum Dots 3.2 Magnetic Quantum Dots or Magnetic Nanoparticles 3.3 Organic Quantum Dots 4 Conclusion References The Underlying Mechanism of Quantum Dot-Induced Apoptosis: Potential Application in Cancer Therapy 1 Introduction 2 Properties of QDs 3 Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon 3.1 Characteristics of Cell Apoptosis 3.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathways 4 Applications of QDs and Their Potential Toxicity 4.1 Quantum Dots Induced Cell Death 4.2 In Osteosarcoma Cell Line Carbon Dot Induces Apoptotic Cell Death 4.3 A Carbon Dot Induces DNA Damage and Cell Cycle Arrest in MCF7 (Breast Cancer Cell Line) 4.4 Quantum Dots Induces Apoptotic Biochemical Changes in Human Neuroblastoma Cells (IMR32) 4.5 Animated Graphene QDs Uptake by Alveolar Macrophage of Rat Cells Induced Cell Death 4.6 Multi-walled Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNTs) Induced Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells 4.7 Cytotoxic Effects of Copper Quantum Dots 4.8 Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells 4.9 Nitrogen Phosphorus Doped Carbon Dots Regulates Apoptosis and Autophagy in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells Imaging Application 5 Conclusions References Fluorescent Quantum Dots, A Technological Marvel for Optical Bio-imaging: A Perspective on Associated In Vivo Toxicity 1 Introduction 1.1 QDs in Biological Applications 1.2 A Tool for Deep Tissue Imaging 1.3 Imaging Beyond Diffraction Limit 2 Concerns on Associated Toxicity 3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Quantum Dots in Biosensing, Bioimaging, and Drug Delivery 1 Introduction to Quantum Dots (QDs) 2 Different Synthetic Routes for Biocompatible QDs 3 QDs in Biosensing 3.1 Role of Traditional QDs in Biosensing 3.2 Role of Emerging CQDs in Biosensing 4 Emerging Carbon-Based QDs for Bioimaging Applications 4.1 Traditional QDs in Bioimaging 4.2 Emerging Carbon-Based QDs in Bioimaging 5 QDs for Drug Delivery Applications 5.1 Traditional QDs for Drug Delivery 5.2 Emerging QDs in Drug Delivery 6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Quantum Dots: Potential Cell Imaging Agent 1 Introduction 2 Exclusive Features of Quantum Dots (QDs) as Bio-imaging Tool 3 Types of QDs Used in the Cell Imaging Techniques 4 Application of QDs in Cell Imaging 4.1  In vitro Imaging 4.2  In vivo imaging 5 Conclusion References Quantum Dot: A Boon for Biological and Biomedical Research 1 Introduction 2 Quantum Dots (QDs) 3 Properties of QDs 4 Surface Modifications of QDs 5 Synthesis of QDs 5.1 ‘Top-Down’ Approach 5.2 ‘Bottom-Up’ Approach 6 Biological and Biomedical Applications 6.1 Bio-imaging 6.2 In Vitro Imaging 6.3 In Vivo Imaging 6.4 Tumor Cell Targeting and Imaging 7 Drug Delivery 8 Conclusions References Upconversion and Downconversion Quantum Dots for Biomedical and Therapeutic Applications 1 Introduction 2 Luminescence Mechanism 2.1 Photon Upconversion Mechanism in Lanthanides 2.2 Upconversion Mechanism Based on Triplet–Triplet Annihilation (TTA) 2.3 DC Luminescence Mechanisms 3 Enhancing Upconversion Efficiency 4 Applications in Biomedical Fields 4.1 Biosensing 4.2 Bioimaging 4.3 Gene and Drug Delivery 4.4 Therapy 4.5 Optogenetic Stimulation 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Present Status and Future Perspective