Population and Labour Market Policies in China’s Reform Process

Description

This book investigates the population and labour management reforms implemented since the reform and opening up of China in the early 1980s, giving insights into the economic and social implications of these reforms and future prospects for population governance. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Figures Tables Preface Part I: Discussion on Issues Related to the Hukou System 1. Historical Evolution, Present Situation and Problems of the Hukou System 1.1 Historical Development of Central Government Policies 1.1.1 Preparatory Stage of Plan-Based Population Management 1.1.2 Period of Strict Population Mobility Control through the Hukou System 1.1.3 'Period of Semi-openness' with Gradual Hukou Relaxation in Small Towns 1.1.4 Period of Differentiated Push of Hukou Reform between Regions 1.1.5 Stage of Vigorous Reform Push since 2012 1.2 Overview of Current Situation of the Hukou System 1.2.1 Hukou Policies in Different Regions 1.2.2 Hukou Reform Progress in Different Regions 1.3 Existing Problems in Current Hukou System Reform 1.3.1 Government Reform Efforts Are Inadequate in Large Cities 1.3.2 Many Public Welfare Benefits Are Still Tied to Hukou 1.3.3 A Unified Urban and Rural Hukou Has Not Solved Hukou-Based Welfare Disparities 1.3.4 Overall Coordination by the Central Government Remains Inadequate 1.3.5 The Points-Based Hukou System Only Has a Very Limited Role 1.3.6 Inadequate Rural Land Ownership Confirmation Dents Farmers' Willingness to Settle in Cities 2. Hukou Liberalization Metrics and Influencing Factors 2.1 Literature Review 2.1.1 Quantitative Evaluation of Minimum Hukou Settlement Requirements 2.1.2 Analysis of Factors Influencing Hukou System Reform 2.1.2.1 Hindering Factors 2.1.2.1.1 Economic Development 2.1.2.1.2 Public Services and Fiscal Investment 2.1.2.1.3 Tax Competition and Fiscal and Taxation Systems 2.1.2.1.4 Government Behaviour and the Political System 2.1.2.1.5 Historical Tradition 2.1.2.2 Driving Factors 2.1.2.2.1 Economic Development Strategy 2.1.2.2.2 Urban Development 2.2 Quantitative Analysis of Minimum Hukou Settlement Requirements 2.3 Analysis of Factors Influencing Minimum Hukou Settlement Requirements 3. Hukou System Reform and Residents' Economic Behaviour 3.1 Impact of Hukou Changes on Household Consumption of the Floating Population 3.1.1 Background 3.1.2 Data Description and Research Methodology 3.1.2.1 Definition of Variables 3.1.2.2 Definition of Treatment Group and Control Group 3.1.2.3 Methodology 3.1.3 Empirical Results 3.1.4 Discussion on Mechanisms and Long-Term Effects 3.1.4.1 Changes in Household Consumption Expenditure 3.1.4.2 Changes in Household Income 3.1.4.3 Long-Term Consumption Effect 3.1.5 Summary of Impact of Hukou Changes on Consumption 3.2 Hukou System, Income and Inequality 3.3 Hukou System and Demographic Structure of Large Cities Notes 4. Thoughts on Promoting Hukou Reform in Large Cities 4.1 Megacities Are in More Need of Hukou System Reform 4.1.1 Hukou System Reform Is Not Vigorously Promoted in Large Cities 4.1.2 The Negative Impact of the Hukou System Still Exists 4.1.3 There Are Directional Errors in the Current Hukou System 4.1.4 Hukou System Liberalization Should Be Further Integrated with Market-Oriented Means of Urban Management 4.2 The Government Should Not Set Population Targets for Large Cities 4.3 Wrong Indicators Are Unhelpful for Hukou System Reform 5. Urban Development in the Context of Hukou System Reform 5.1 The Issue of Urbanization Efficiency in China and Its Countermeasures 5.1.1 The Nature of City and Urbanization in China 5.1.2 Theoretical Basis for Urbanization-Induced Efficiency Improvement and Current Urban Efficiency in China 5.1.3 Discussion on Typical Problems in the Urbanization Process and Steps of Future Urbanization in China 5.2 Developing Cities: The Government Should Avoid a "Caring Father Mentality" 5.3 Urban Development Philosophy: Letting Supply Meet Demand Part II: Discussion of Issues Related to Family Planning Policy 6. History of Family Planning Policy and Current Debate 6.1 Historical Development of Family Planning 6.2 General Debate on Population Policy 6.3 Should Subsidies Be Given to Second Babies at Present? Note 7. Are People Willing to Have More Children? 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Theoretical Model 7.2.1 Model Construction 7.2.2 Equilibrium Analysis after Implementation of the Policy of 'Allowing a Second Child for Couples with Both Sides Being Onlies' 7.2.3 Model Expansion: Possible Impacts of the Policy 'Allowing a Second Child for Couples with Both Sides Being Onlies' and the 'Universal Two-Child' Policy 7.3 Data and Empirical Method 7.3.1 Data Description and Preliminary Analysis 7.3.2 Empirical Method 7.3.3 Discussion of the Rationality of Difference-in-Differences Empirical Design 7.3.3.1 The Proportion of Onlies May Change over Time 7.3.3.2 Whether the Time to Implement the Policy of 'Allowing a Second Child for Couples with Both Sides Being Onlies' Is Related to the Proportion of Onlies 7.3.3.3 Systematic Differences between Onlies and Non-onlies 7.3.4 Discussion of the Rationality of Using Cross-Sectional Samples 7.4 Evidence from Regression Analysis 7.4.1 Evidence from OLS Regression 7.4.2 Evidence from Difference-in-Differences Regression 7.5 Supplementary Evidence: Fertility Rate 7.6 Robustness Test 7.6.1 Allowing Observable Influencing Factors to Change over Time 7.6.2 Double Difference-in-Differences Estimates of the Sample Population over 25 7.7 Conclusion Notes 8. Family Planning and Entrepreneurship 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Literature Review 8.2.1 Research on the Individual Characteristics of Onlies and Their Economic Effects 8.2.2 Research on Entrepreneurship 8.2.3 Research on the Linkage between Onlies and Entrepreneurship 8.3 Data and Method 8.3.1 Data Source 8.3.2 Selection and Description of Variables 8.3.3 Method Description 8.4 Estimated Results of Onlies' Entrepreneurial Behaviour 8.4.1 Overall Comparative Analysis of Onlies and Non-onlies 8.4.2 Segmentation of Non-onlies 8.5 Test of Possible Paths of Influence 8.5.1 Possible Path of Influence 1: Difference in Subjective Attitude 8.5.2 Possible Path of Influence 2: Social Network Effect 8.6 Summary Notes 9. Family Planning and Old-Age Care 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Summary of Relevant Literature 9.2.1 Literature Review 9.2.2 Roadmap of This Study 9.3 Data Description 9.4 Differences in Old-Age Care Model between One-Child and Multi-Child Families 9.4.1 Brief Description 9.4.2 Regression Description 9.5 Results of Recognition of Motives behind Co-residence for Old-Age Care 9.5.1 Social Norms 9.5.2 Self-Interest Motive 9.6 Well-Being Effect of the Co-residence Model of Old-Age Care 9.7 Brief Summary and Discussion of Macro Significance Part III: Discussion of Issues Related to the Labour Market 10. Institutional Premiums in the Labour Market 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Method and Data 10.2.1 Quantitative Analysis Methods Involved in the Research 10.2.2 Data Source and Description of Variables 10.3 Estimated Results 10.3.1 Basic Results 10.3.2 Heterogeneity Analysis 10.3.3 Robustness Analysis 10.3.4 Decomposition of Wage Differentials between Inside and Outside the Establishment 10.4 Differences in Premium Effects at Different Income Levels 10.5 The Issue of Invisible Welfare 10.6 Summary and Recommendations Notes 11. Gender Wage Differentials and Policy Discussion 11.1 Gender Wage Differentials and Their Traditional Explanation 11.2 Non-discrimination-Based Explanations 11.3 Research on Productivity Differentials Using Bonus Data 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Data Description 11.3.3 Statistical Analysis Results 11.4 Brief Discussion of Policy Implications 12. Evaluation of Three Recent Policies 12.1 Targeted Policy to Address the Income Gap Issue 12.2 Appropriate Slowdown of Minimum Wage Adjustment Postscript References Chinese literature English literature Index