Phosphate and Borate Bioactive Glasses

Description

Inorganic glasses are successfully used in the biomedical field, in particular degradable glasses  have found applications in tissue engineering, bone regeneration and tooth remineralisation. Silicate glasses are the most commonly used ones but phosphate and borate glasses are attracting more and more interest owing to their special properties, differing from those of silicate bio-glasses. Phosphate and borate glasses thus open up potential routes for new therapeutic applications. This book focuses on these emerging materials. Bridging the phosphate and borate glasses communities, this book provides a fundamental treatment of atomic structure and physicochemical properties before highlighting their current and potential future applications. Phosphate and borate glasses not only feature a broader range of glass formation than silicate glasses. Their ability to completely dissolve in water with the solubility varying over orders of magnitude with compositional changes, makes them exciting materials for delivering therapeutic agents into the human body. Biomaterials scientists working in glasses, hard tissue engineering and regenerative medicine will find this a must-have book to own, alongside their more traditional silicate glass tomes. Cover Phosphate and Borate Bioactive Glasses Foreword Preface Contents Chapter 1 - Unique Nature of Phosphate and Borate Bioactive Glasses 1.1 Phosphate Glasses for Biomedical Applications 1.1.1 Invert Glasses 1.1.2 Phosphate Glasses Containing 6- fold Coordinated Silicon Structure 1.2 Borate Glasses for Biomedical Applications 1.3 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 2 - Structure and Thermal Properties of Phosphate Glasses 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Phosphate Glass Structure 2.2.1 Ultraphosphate Glasses 2.2.2 Metaphosphate Glasses 2.2.3 Polyphosphate Glasses 2.2.4 Network Modifier Coordination Numbers 2.3 Relationship Between Glass Structure and Thermal Behaviour and Crystallisation 2.4 Summary References Chapter 3 - Dissolution Behaviour of Phosphate Glasses 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Phosphate Glass Solubility 3.2.1 Effect of Phosphate Content 3.2.2 Effect of Modifiers 3.2.3 Changes in Solution pH 3.2.4 Surface Changes 3.3 Mechanisms of Hydrolysis in Solution 3.4 Phosphate Glass Solubility and Biological Response 3.5 Applications of Soluble Phosphate Glasses 3.6 Summary References Chapter 4 - The Role of Phosphate Glasses in Bone Regeneration Remedies 4.1 Influence of Inorganic Ions on Cell Functions 4.2 Phosphate Ions 4.2.1 Investigations of Cell Responses to Phosphate Ions 4.2.2 Influences of β-­glycerophosphate on Cells 4.2.3 Influences of Inorganic Phosphate Ions on Cells 4.2.4 Other Effects of Phosphate Ions on Cells and Relationship to Calcium Phosphate Deposits 4.2.5 Mechanisms Through Which Phosphate Ions Stimulate Cell Functions 4.2.6 Phosphate Compounds with Different Structures 4.3 Phosphate and Silicate Ions 4.3.1 Comparison of the Influences of Phosphate and Silicate Ions on Cells 4.3.2 Differences in Osteoblast- like Cell Responses to Phosphate and Silicate Ions 4.4 Summary References Chapter 5 - Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Preparation of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses 5.3 Structure of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses 5.3.1 Glass Network Structure of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses 5.3.2 Thermal Properties of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses 5.3.3 Spectroscopic Analysis of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glass Structure 5.4 Ion- releasing properties of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses 5.5 Effect of MgO Substitution on Calcium Phosphate Invert Glass Structure 5.6 Phosphate Invert Glass with Orthophosphate Region 5.7 Bioactivity of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses 5.8 Applications 5.8.1 Antibacterial Ability for Phosphate Invert Glasses 5.8.2 Phosphate Invert Glass Containing Anisotropic Fibrous Scaffold for Bone Regeneration 5.9 Summary References Chapter 6 - Phosphate- based Glasses Prepared via Sol–Gel and Coacervation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Phosphate- based Glasses Prepared via the Sol–Gel Method 6.2.1 Structure of Phosphate- based Sol–Gel Glasses 6.2.1.1 31P Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS NMR) 6.2.1.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT- IR) 6.2.1.3 High- energy X-Łray Diffraction (HEXRD) 6.2.2 Mesoporous Phosphate- based Glasses Prepared via Sol–Gel 6.2.3 Controlled Release of Phosphate- based Sol–Gel Glasses 6.2.4 Cytocompatibility of Phosphate- based Sol–Gel Glasses 6.2.5 Antibacterial Activity of Sol–Gel Phosphate- based Glasses 6.3 Phosphate- based Glasses Prepared via Coacervation 6.3.1 Structure of Phosphate- based Glasses Prepared via Coacervation 6.3.1.1 HEXRD 6.3.1.2 31P MAS NMR 6.3.1.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 6.3.2 Antibacterial Activity of Coacervate Phosphate- based Glasses 6.4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 7 - Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Coatings 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fabrication Process of ACP Coating Films 7.3 ACP Coating Films Fabricated by RF Magnetron Sputtering 7.3.1 Fabrication of Calcium Phosphate Coating Films by RF Magnetron Sputtering 7.3.2 Composition of ACP Coating Films 7.3.3 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of ACP Coating Film 7.3.4 Ag Addition to ACP Coating Film 7.4 Conclusions List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements References Chapter 8 - Phosphate Glasses for Biophotonic Applications 8.1 Biophotonics 8.1.1 Clinical Applications: Diagnostic 8.1.2 Clinical Applications: Therapeutic 8.1.2.1 Light- based Therapies 8.1.2.2 Drug Delivery Systems 8.2 Materials in Biophotonics 8.2.1 Nanomaterials 8.2.2 Advantages of Glasses in Biophotonics 8.3 Phosphate Glasses 8.3.1 Bioactive and Optically Active Phosphate Glasses 8.3.2 Optical Phosphate Glass Fiber 8.3.3 Surface Functionalization of Phosphate Glasses 8.4 Conclusion References Chapter 9 - Structure and Properties of Borate Glasses 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Boron Oxide Glass 9.2.1 General Properties of Pure Vitreous B2O3 9.2.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy 9.2.3 NMR Spectroscopy 9.3 Modified Borate Glasses 9.3.1 The Boron Oxide Anomaly 9.3.2 Depolymerization of the Borate Network 9.4 Binary Glass- forming Borates 9.4.1 Monovalent Modifier, M2O 9.4.2 Divalent Modifier, MO 9.4.3 Trivalent Modifier, M2O3 (M = Al, Bi, RE) 9.5 Temperature Dependence of the Borate Melt Structure 9.6 The Metal Cation Environment 9.7 Non- oxygen Anions in Borate Glasses 9.8 Second Boron Anomaly 9.9 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chapter 10 - Reactions of Borate Glasses in Aqueous Solutions 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Aqueous Dissolution Studies 10.3 Borate-glass Dissolution and the Precipitation of Phosphate Phases 10.4 Summary Acknowledgements References Chapter 11 - Sol–Gel Borate Glasses 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sol–Gel Borate Chemistry 11.2.1 Classic Sol–Gel Chemistry 11.2.2 Aqueous Borate Chemistry 11.2.3 Alkoxide Borate Sol–Gel Formation 11.2.4 Other Borate Sol–Gel Mechanisms 11.3 The First Sol–Gel Borate Glasses 11.3.1 Sol–Gel Borate Thin Films 11.4 Bioactive Sol–Gel Borate Glasses 11.4.1 Other Bioactive Sol–Gel Glasses with Borate 11.5 Hybrid and Composite Sol–Gel Borate Glasses 11.6 Conclusions and Outlook References Chapter 12 - Recent Advances in the Development and Applications of Phosphate and Borate Glass Microspheres 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Manufacturing Glass Microspheres 12.2.1 Phosphate Glass Microspheres 12.2.1.1 Solid (Non- porous) PBG Microspheres 12.2.1.2 Porous PBG Microspheres 12.2.1.2.1 PGMS- forming Mechanism.The proposed mechanism to produce the PGMS is presented in Figure 12.1. In essence, glass particles were... 12.2.1.2.2 Effect of Starting Glass Particle Size and Porogen Ratios.The yield in terms of porosity and pore sizes of the porous glass micr... 12.2.1.2.3 Effect of Viscosity.It should be noted that applying the same parameters to other phosphate glass formulations or other material... 12.2.1.2.4 Effect of Glass Formulations and Compositional Analysis.A study conducted by Islam et al.46 reported on the manufacture of PBG f... 12.2.1.2.5 Dissolution Behaviour (SGMS vs. PGMS).The degradation and ion release profiles of a material can depend not only on its composit... 12.2.1.2.6 Biocompatibility Evaluation of PBG Microspheres.To evaluate in vitro bioactivity, studies using SBF were conducted for both SGMS... 12.2.1.2.7 Evaluation of Injectability of Microspheres.The delivery of materials to the target site is very important and should be achieve... 12.2.2 Borate Glass Microspheres 12.2.2.1 SGMS and PGMS of BBG via Flame Spheroidisation 12.2.2.1.1 Mass Loss and Conversion of BBG Microspheres into HA.The mechanism for the formation of HA from borate glasses has been reported... 12.2.2.1.2 Biocompatibility Evaluation of BBG Microspheres.It has also been reported that both SGMS and PGMS from all three BBG (45B5, B53P... 12.3 Summary Acknowledgements References Chapter 13 - Borophosphate Glasses and Their Potential Use in Medical Devices 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Structure of Borophosphate Glasses 13.3 BP Glass Compositions 13.3.1 BP Glass with a B/P Ratio