Microelectronic Circuit and Devices (2nd Edition) (Part A & B)

Description

A comprehensive text that provides a practical introduction to the analysis and design of microelectronic circuits. It presents a circuit as an entire electronic system rather than as a collection of individual devices. It provides students with the tools to make intelligent choices when designing a Preface Contents Chapter 1. Review of Linear Circuit Theory 1.1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Laws 1.2. Voltage Bus Notation 1.3. Definition of Voltage—Current Characteristic 1.4. Superposition in Linear Circuits 1.5. Resistive Circuits 1.6. Thévenin Equivalent Circuits 1.7. Norton Equivalent Circuits 1.8. Voltage and Current Division 1.9. Single-Time-Constant Resistor—Capacitor Circuits 1.9.1. RC Circuit Transient Response 1.9.2. RC Circuit Response in the Sinusoidal Steady State Summary Problems Chapter 2. Operational Amplifiers 2.1. Integrated-Circuit Operational Amplifier 2.2. Simplified Op-Amp Model 2.3. Ideal Op-Amp Approximation 2.4. Linear Op-Amp Circuits 2.4.1. Noninverting Amplifier 2.4.2. The Virtual Short 2.4.3. Inverting Amplifier 2.4.4. Input Resistance 2.4.5. Op-Amp Voltage Follower 2.4.6. Difference Amplifier 2.4.7. Instrumentation Amplifier 2.4.8. Summation Amplifier 2.4.9. Op-Amp with T-bridge Feedback Network 2.4.10. Op-Amp Integrator 2.4.11. Op-Amp Differentiator 2.5. Nonlinear Operational Amplifier Circuits 2.5.1. Open-Loop Comparator and Polarity Indicator 2.5.2 Schmitt Trigger 2.6. Nonideal Properties of Operational Amplifiers 2.6.1 Output Saturation Levels 2.6.2. Input and Output Offset Voltages 2.6.3. Input Bias and Input Offset Currents 2.6.4. Slew-Rate Limitation 2.6.5. Output Current Limit 2.6.6. Finite Frequency Response 2.6.7. Gain-Bandwidth Product Summary Problems Chapter 3. Introduction to Nonlinear Circuit Elements 3.1. Basic Properties of Nonlinear Elements 3.2. Graphical Analysis With One Nonlinear Circuit Element 3.3. Examples of Two-Terminal Nonlinear Devices 3.3.1. Semiconductor Materials 3.3.2. Physical Characteristics of the PN Junction Diode 3.3.3. Voltage~Current Characteristic of the PN Junction Diode 3.3.4. Zener Diode 3.3.5. PN Junction Under Large Reverse-Bias Voltage 3.3.6. Schottky Diode 3.3.7. Varactor Diode 3.3.8. Tunnel Diode 3.3.9. Metal-Oxide Varistor 3.4. Graphical Method With Time-Varying Sources 3.5. Iterative Mathematical Solutions 3.6. Piecewise Linear Modeling of Two-Terminal Nonlinear Devices Summary SPICE Examples Problems SPICE Problems Chapter 4. Signal Processing and Conditioning with Two-Terminal Nonlinear Devices 4.1. The Transfer Characteristic 4.2. Clipping and Limiting Circuits 4.3. Rectifier Circuits 4.3.1. Half-Wave Rectifier 4.3.2. Bridge Rectifier 4.4. Power-Supply Circuits 4.4.1. Half-Wave Rectifier Power Supply 4.4.2. Full-Wave Rectifier Power Supply 4.4.3. Power Supply with Nonresistive Load 4.4.4. Voltage Regulation 4.4.5. Capacitor-Rectifier Circuits for Signal Processing 4.5. Precision Rectifier Circuits 4.5.1. Precision Half-Wave Rectifier 4.5.2. Precision Diode Limiter 4.5.3. Modified Precision Half-Wave Rectifier with Gain Summary SPICE Examples Problems SPICE Problems Chapter 5. Three-Terminal Devices 5.1. Definition of a Three-Terminal Device 5.2. Field-Effect Transistors 5.2.1. Physical Structure of the n-Channel Enhancement-Mode MOSFET 5.2.2. Summary of v-i Equations of the n-Channel Enhancement-Mode MOSFET 5.2.3. Depletion-Mode MOSFET 5.2.4. Nonzero Source-to-Substrate Voltage (The Body Effect) 5.2.5. Electrostatic Overstress and Electrostatic Discharge 5.2.6. Junction Field-Effect Transistor 5.2.7. FET Transconductance Curve 5.2.8. P-Channel Field-Effect Transistors 5.2.9. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MESFET) 5.3. Bipolar Junction Transistor 5.3.1. Physical Structure of the Bipolar Transistor 5.3.2. NPN BJT v-i Characteristics 5.3.3. The PNP BJT 5.4. Upward Slope of Transistor v-i Characteristics 5.4.1. Upward Slope of FET v-i Characteristics 5.4.2. Upward Slope of BJT v-i Characteristics 5.5. Photonic Devices 5.5.1. Photodiode 5.5.2. Phototransistor 5.5.3. Light-Emitting Diode 5.5.4. Laser Diode 5.5.5. Optoelectronic Circuits 5.6. Temperature Dependence of Devices 5.6.1. Temperature Dependence of the MOSFET and JFET 5.6.2. Temperature Dependence of pn Junction Diode and BJT 5.7. Power Limitations of Device Operation Summary SPICE Examples Problems SPICE Problems Chapter 6. Basic Circuits Containing Three-Terminal Devices 6.1. Inverter Configuration 6.1.1. BJT Inverter 6.1.2. MOSFET Inverter 6.1.3. CMOS Inverter 6.2. Voltage-Follower Configuration 330 6.2.1 BJT Voltage Follower 6.2.2. MOSFET Voltage Follower 6.3. Current-Follower Configuration 6.3.1. BJT Current Follower (Common-Base Amplifier) 6.3.2. BJT Cascode Configuration 6.3.3. MOSFET Current Follower 6.3.4. MOSFET Cascode with MOSFET Load 6.4. Operation in the Digital Regime 6.4.1. The Transistor as a Switch 6.4.2. The Inverter as a Digital Logic Gate 6.4.3. BJT Logic Inverter 6.4.4. CMOS Logic Inverter 6.4.5. NMOS Logic Inverter 6.4.6. Effect of Nonzero Source-to-Substrate Voltage (The Body Effect) Summary SPICE Examples Problems SPICE Problems Chapter 7. Analog Amplification 7.1. Definition of a Signal 7.2. Active and Passive Circuits 7.3. Biasing 7.3.1. General Biasing Concepts 7.3.2. Biasing Techniques for the BJT 7.3.3. Biasing Techniques.for MOSFETs and JFETs 7.4. Small-Signal Modeling of Analog Circuits 7.4.1. Incremental Signal 7.4.2. Small-Signal Model of the BJT 7.4.3. Small-Signal Model of the FET 7.4.4. Modeling the MOSFET Body Effect 7.4.5. Transistor Small-Signal Output-Port Resistance 7.4.6. Transistor Small-Signal Input-Port Resistance 7.5. Two-Port Amplifier Representation Summary SPICE Examples Problems SPICE Problems Chapter 8. Differential Amplifiers 8.1. Basic Differential-Amplifier Topology 8.2. Differential- and Common-Mode Signals 8.3. BJT Differential Amplifier 8.3.1. BJT Differential Amplifier with One Input 8.3.2. BJT Differential Amplifier with Two Inputs 8.3.3. Superposition of Differential-Mode and Common-Mode Responses 8.3.4. Common-Mode Rejection Ratio 8.3.5. BJT Differential-Amplifier Input and Output Resistances 8.3.6. BJT Differential-Amplifier Biasing 8.3.7. BJT Current Mirror 8.3.8. BJT Widlar Current Source 8.4. MOSFET and JFET Differential Amplifiers 8.4.1. NMOS Differential Amplifier 8.4.2. JFET Differential Amplifier with Resistive Loads 8.4.3. CMOS Differential Amplifier 8.4.4. BiCMOS Differential Amplifier 8.5. Large-Signal Performance of Differential Amplifiers 8.5.1. Large-Signal Description of the BJT Differential Amplifier 8.5.2. Large-Signal Description of MOSFET and JFET Differential Amplifiers with Resistive Loads 8.5.3. Large-Signal Description of MOSFET Differential Amplifier with CMOS Loads 8.5.4. Differential-Amplifier Swing Range Summary SPICE Examples Problems SPICE Problems Chapter 9. Frequency Response and Time-Dependent Circuit Behavior 9.1. Sources of Capacitance and Inductance in Electronic Circuits 9.1.1. Stray Lead Capacitance 566 9.1.2 Stray Lead Inductance 9.1.3. Internal Capacitance of the pn Junction 9.1.4. Capacitance in the Bipolar Junction Transistor 9.1.5. Capacitance in the MOS Field-Effect Transistor 9.1.6. Capacitance in the Junction Field-Effect Transistor 9.2. Sinusoidal Steady-State Amplifier Response 9.2.1. Bode Plot Representation in the Frequency Domain 9.2.2. Bode-Plot Representation of System Functions of Arbitrary Complexity 9.2.3. High-, Low-, and Midband-Frequency Limits 9.2.4. Superposition of Poles 9.3. Frequency Response of Circuits Containing Capacitors 9.3.1. High- and Low-Frequency Capacitors 9.3.2. The Dominant-Pole Concept 9.3.3. Effect of Transverse Capacitance on Amplifier Response 9.3.4. Miller’s Theorem and Miller Multiplication 9.3.5. High-Frequency Poles with Feedback Resistor 9.3.6. Frequency Response with Bypass Capacitor 9.4. Frequency Response of the Differential Amplifier 9.4.1. Differential-Mode Frequency Response 9.4.2. Common-Mode Frequency Response 9.4.3. Frequency Response of the Cascode Configuration 9.4.4. Integrated-Circuit Design Considerations 9.5. Time Response of Electronic Circuits 9.5.1. Internal Diode Capacitance and the Half-Wave Rectifier 9.5.2. Incremental Step Response of a Transistor Amplifier Summary SPICE Examples Problems SPICE Problems Chapter 10. Feedback and Stability 10.1. The Negative-Feedback Loop 10.2. General Requirements of Feedback Circuits 10.3. Effects of Feedback on Amplifier Performance 10.3.1. Effect of Feedback on Amplifier Linearity 10.3.2. Effect of Feedback on Amplifier Bandwidth 10.4. The Four Basic Amplifier Types 10.4.1. Amplifier Port Characteristics 10.4.2. Output Sampling 10.4.3. Input Mixing 10.5. The Four Feedback Topologies 10.6. Effect of Feedback Connections on Amplifier Port Resistance 10.6.1. Input Resistance of the Series Input-Mixing Connection 10.6.2. Input Resistance of the Shunt Input-Mixing Connection 10.6.3. Output Resistance of the Shunt Output-Sampling Connection 10.6.4. Output Resistance of the Series Output-Sampling Connection 10.7. Examples of Real Feedback Amplifiers 10.7.1. Op-Amp Voltage Amplifier (Series/Shunt Feedback) 10.7.2. MOSFET Transconductance Amplifier with Feedback Resistor (Series/Series Feedback) 10.7.3. Single-Transistor Transresistance Amplifier (Shunt/Shunt Feedback) 10.7.4. BJT Current Amplifier with Feedback (Shunt/Series Feedback) 10.8. Feedback-Loop Stability 10.8.1. Amplifier Phase Shift 10.8.2. Evaluating Feedback Stability Using the Nyquist Plot 10.8.3. Bode-Plot Analysis of Feedback Stability 10.8.4. Frequency Compensation 10.8.5. External Compensation Summary SPICE Examples Problems SPICE Problems Chapter 11. Multistage and Power Amplifiers 11.1. Input and Output Loading 11.2. Two-Port Amplifier Cascade 11.3. Multistage Amplifier Biasing 11.4. DC Level Shifting 11.4.1. Level Shifting in BJT Circuits 11.4.2. Level Shifting in MOSFET Circuits 11.5. Differential-Amplifier Cascade 11.6. Power-Amplification Output Stages 11.6.1. Complementary-Pair (Class B) Output Configuration 11.6.2. Linearly Biased (Class A) Output Configuration 11.6.3. Minimally Biased (Class AB) Output Configuration 11.7. Integrated-Circuit Power Amplifiers 11.8. Power Devices 11.8.1. Heat Sinks 11.8.2 Power BJT 11.8.3. Power MOSFET Summary SPICE Example Problems SPICE Problems Chapter 12. Analog Integrated Circuits 12.1. Basic Operational-Amplifier Cascade 12.2. Case Study: The LM741 Bipolar Operational Amplifier 12.2.1. BJT Input Stage of the LM741 Op-Amp 12.2.2. Middle-Gain Stage of the LM741 Op-Amp 12.2.3. Output Stage of the LM741 Op-Amp 12.2.4. Complete Op-Amp Cascade 12.2.5. Frequency Compensation 12.2.6. Pole Splitting 12.2.7. Origin of Slew-Rate Limitation 12.2.8. Offset-Null Adjustment 12.3. Case Study: A Simple CMOS Operational Amplifier 12.3.1. Bias Design 12.3.2. Smal! Signal Differential-Mode Performance 12.3.3. Common-Mode Performance 12.3.4. Signal Swing Range Summary SPICE Example Problems SPICE Problems Chapter 13. Active Filters and Oscillators 13.1. A Simple First-Order Active Filter 13.2. Ideal Filter Functions 13.3. Second-Order Filter Responses 13.3.1. The Biquadratic Filter Function 13.3.2. Second-Order Active Low-Pass Filter 13.3.3. Second-Order Active High-Pass Filter 13.3.4. Second-Order Active Band-Pass Filter 13.4. Active Filter Cascading 13.4.1. Low-Pass Butterworth Response 13.4.2. Low-Pass Chebyshev Filter Response 13.4.3. High-Pass and Band-Pass Cascades 13.4.4. Other Filter Types 13.5. Magnitude and Frequency Scaling 13.6. Switched-Capacitor Networks and Filters 13.7. Oscillators 13.7.1. Wien-Bridge Oscillator 13.7.2. Phase-Shift Oscillator 13.7.3. Tuned LC Oscillators 13.7.4. Crystal Oscillators 13.7.5. Schmitt-Trigger Oscillator Summary SPICE Examples Problems SPICE Problems Chapter 14. Digital Circuits 14.1. Fundamental Concepts of Digital Circuits 14.1.1. Scale of Integration 14.1.2. Logic Families 14.1.3. Definition of Logic Levels 14.1.4. Noise Margins 14.1.5. Fan-Out and Fan-In 14.1.6. Propagation Delay 14.1.7. Power Dissipation 14.1.8. Delay—Power Product 14.2. CMOS Logic Family 14.2.1. CMOS Inverter Transfer Characteristic 14.2.2. Dynamic Behavior of CMOS Inverter 14.2.3. CMOS Logic Gates 14.2.4. CMOS Transmission Gate 14.3. NMOS Logic Family 14.3.1. NMOS Inverter with Enhancement Load 14.3.2. NMOS Inverter with Depletion Load 14.3.3. Dynamic Behavior of NMOS Inverter 14.3.4. NMOS Logic-Gates 14.4. TTL Logic Family 14.4.1. Dynamic Behavior of BJT Inverter 14.4.2. Basic Structure of TTL 14.4.3. Complete TTL Logic Inverter 14.4.4. Transfer Characteristic of the TTL Logic Inverter 14.4.5. TTL Logic Gates 14.4.6. Tristate Output 14.4.7. Improved Versions of TTL 14.5. Emitter-Coupled Logic Family 14.5.1 Basic ECL Logic Inverter 14.5.2. Detailed Analysis of ECL Logic Inverter 14.5.3. ECL Inverter Transfer Characteristics 14.5.4. ECL Logic Gates 14.6. BiCMOS Logic Circuits 14.6.1. Standard BiCMOS Inverter 14.6.2. DC Transfer Characteristic of the BiCMOS Inverter 14.6.3. BiCMOS Logic Gates Summary SPICE Examples Problems SPICE Problems Chapter 15. Fundamentals of Digital Systems 15.1. Sequential Logic Circuits 15.1.1. Set-Reset Flip-Flop 15.1.2. Clocked SR Flip-Flop 15.1.3. JK Flip-Flop 15.1.4. ‘Type Dand Type T Flip-Flops 15.1.5. Preset and Clear Inputs 15.2. Multivibrator Circuits 15.2.1. Monostable Multivibrator 15.2.2. Astable Multivibrator 15.2.3. The 5551C Timer 15.3. Digital Memory 15.3.1. Read-Only Memory 15.3.2. Static Random-Access Memory 15.3.3. Dynamic Random Access Memory 15.3.4. EPROM and EEPROM Memory Elements 15.4. Analog-to-Digital Interfacing 15.4.1. Digital-to-Analog Conversion 15.4.2. Sample-and-Hold Circuit 15.4.3. Analog-to-Digital Conversion Summary Design and Analysis Problems Chapter 16. Electronic Design 16.1. An Overview of the Design Process 16.2. The Tools of Electronic Design Summary of Design Principles 16.3. Open-Ended Design Problems 16.3.1. High-Current Adjustable DC Power Supply 16.3.2. Dynamic Microphone Amplifier 16.3.3. Rotating Shaft Controller 16.3.4. Motor Shaft Speed Indicator (Analog Tachometer) 16.3.5. Electronic Odometer for a Bicycle 16.3.6. Voice-Actuated Light Switch 16.3.7. Amplitude Modulator 16.3.8. Audio-Frequency Analog Wattmeter 16.3.9. Ambient Temperature Monitor 16.3.10. Hand-Proximity Electronic Musical Instrument 16.3.11. Hand-Operated Light Switch 16.3.12. Heart Rate Monitor 16.3.13. DC Nanoammeter 16.3.14. Low-Battery-Level Indicator 16.3.15. Function Generator 16.3.16. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCad) Battery Charger 16.3.17. AC Magnetic Field Meter 16.3.18. Model Train Controller 16.3.19. Low-Resistance Ohmmeter 16.3.20. Wireless Microphone 16.3.21. Transistor Curve Tracer 16.4. Analog Integrated-Circuit Design Problems 16.4.1. BJT Operational Amplifier #1 16.4.2. BJT Operational Amplifier #2 16.4.3. BiFET Operational Amplifier 16.4.4. CMOS Operational Amplifier Appendix A. Physics of Semiconductor Devices A.1. Electronic Materials A.2. Qualitative Description of Holes A.3. Impurities A.3.1. Acceptor Atoms A.3.2. Donor Atoms A.4. Carrier Densities within a Semiconductor A.5. Current Flow in a Semiconductor A.5.1. Drift-Current Density A.5.2. Diffusion-Current Density A.5.3. Recombination of Excess Carrier Concentrations A.5.4. Current-Density Gradient A.5.5. Summary of Properties A.6. Diffusion Gradient within a Semiconductor A.7. Derivation of the v-i Characteristic of the PN Junction A.7.1. Boltzmann Relations A.7.2. Carrier Injection Mechanism A.7.3. Diode Current Components A.7.4. Correction for Depletion-Region Recombination A.7.5. The pn Junction at Extreme Operating Points A.8. The Bipolar Junction Transistor A.8.1. BJT v-i Characteristic A.8.2. Narrow Base Region of the BJT A.8.3. The Ebers—Moll Transistor Model A.9. The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor A.9.1. Derivation of n-Channel Enhancement-Mode MOSFET v-i Characteristic for Small vps A.9.2. Derivation of n-Channel Enhancement-Mode MOSFET v-i Characteristic for Large vps Problems Appendix B. Semiconductor Device and Integrated-Circuit Fabrication B.1. An Overview of the Fabrication Process B.2. Epitaxial Growth B.3. Oxidation B.4. Wafer Doping B.5. Film Deposition B.6. Wafer Etching B.7. Lithographic Processing B.8. AMOS Fabrication Sequence B.9. A BIT Fabrication Sequence Appendix C. Computer-Aided Circuit Design Using SPICE and PSpice C.1. Use of SPICE C.2. Capabilities of SPICE and PSPICE C.3. Circuit Description C.3.1. Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors C.3.2. Independent Sources C.3.3. Dependent Sources C.3.4. The MODEL Statement C.3.5. Semiconductors C.3.6. Modeling Op-Amps in SPICE C.3.7. Arbitrary Nonlinear Devices (Polynomial Sources) C.3.8. Subcircuit Definitions C.4. Types of Analyses C.4.1. .DC (Large-Signal Transfer Characteristic) C.4.2. .AC (Sinusoidal Steady-State Frequency Response) C.4.3. .TRAN (Transient Analysis) C.4.4. .TF (Smali-Signal Transfer Function) C.4.5. .TEMP (Temperature Specification) C.4.6. .IC (Initial Conditions) C.4.7. .STEP (Parametric Sweep) C.4.8. Other Analyses C.5. Generating Output C.6. References Appendix D. Resistor Color Codes and Standard Values Appendix E. Suggestions for Further Reading Other Books about Electronics Linear Circuit Theory Operational Amplifier Circuits Analog Integrated Circuits Active Filters Power Electronics and Devices Digital Circuits and Devices BiCMOS Circuits Semiconductor Devices Appendix F. Answers to Selected Problems Index