Criminology

Description

Criminology is known for its lucid style, student-oriented approach, and interdisciplinary perspective. This text discusses criminological problems, their origins, and possible solutions in a clear, practical, straightforward fashion. Students develop a thorough understanding of today’s issues in criminology and are prepared to address and resolve the issues of tomorrow. The new seventh edition features coverage of new white-collar and corporate crimes related to the current economic downturn. New research and statistical information include coverage of neuro-criminology, evidence-based criminology, and much more. Title Contents PART I Understanding Criminology 1 The Changing Boundaries of Criminology The Changing Boundaries of Criminology Terrorism Illicit Drug Traffi cking Money Laundering Infi ltration of Legal Business Computer Crime Illicit Arms Traffi cking Traffi cking in Persons Destruction of Cultural Property The Reach of Criminology What Is Criminology? The Making of Laws Deviance The Concept of Crime The Consensus and Confl ict Views of Law and Crime The Breaking of Laws Society’s Reaction to the Breaking of Laws Criminology and the Criminal Justice System The Global Approach to the Breaking of Laws Research Informs Policy BOXES World News: In the Words of Al Qaeda: What Else Is There to Say about September 11? Window to the World: Terrorism and the Fear of Terrorism Debatable Issues: Fame and Crime Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms 2 Counting Crime and Measuring Criminal Behavior The Ingredients of Crime The Act Requirement The Legality Requirement The Harm Requirement The Causation Requirement Mens Rea: The “Guilty Mind” Requirement The Concurrence Requirement The Punishment Requirement The Defenses Typologies of Crime Measuring Crime Methods of Collecting Data Ethics and the Researcher The Nature and Extent of Crime Police Statistics Victimization Surveys Self-Report Surveys Measuring Characteristics of Crime Crime Trends Locations and Times of Criminal Acts Severity of Crime Measuring Characteristics of Criminals Age and Crime Gender and Crime Social Class and Crime Race and Crime BOXES World News: Statistics Watchdog Chief Accuses Home Offi ce of Abusing Crime Statistics Debatable Issues: Murder Spike Poses Quandary Window to the World: Victims around the World Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms 3 Schools of Thought throughout History Classical Criminology The Historical Context Cesare Beccaria Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarianism The Classical School: An Evaluation Positivist Criminology Biological Determinism: The Search for Criminal Traits Lombroso, Ferri, Garofalo: The Italian School A Return to Biological Determinism Psychological Determinism Pioneers in Criminal Psychology Psychological Studies of Criminals Sociological Determinism Adolphe Quételet and André Michel Guerry Gabriel Tarde Émile Durkheim Historical and Contemporary Criminology: A Time Line The Future of Our History BOXES Window to the World: Stone Age Crime and Social Control Debatable Issues: Utilitarianism Gone Astray World News: Who’s Responsible? Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms PART II Explanations of Crime and Criminal Behavior 4 Biological and Psychological Perspectives Biology and Criminality Modern Biocriminology Genetics and Criminality The Controversy over Violence and Genes The IQ Debate Biochemical Factors Neurocriminology Crime and Human Nature Criticisms of Biocriminology Psychology and Criminality Psychological Development Moral Development Maternal Deprivation and Attachment Theory Learning Aggression and Violence Personality Mental Disorders and Crime Psychological Causation An Integrated Theory BOXES Debatable Issues: Brain Overclaim Syndrome Criminological Concerns: Who Is Responsible for the Crime of Parricide? World News: China Launches Campaign to Crack Down on Web Porn Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms 5 Strain and Cultural Deviance Theories The Interconnectedness of Sociological Theories Anomie: Émile Durkheim The Structural-Functionalist Perspective Anomie and Suicide Strain Theory Merton’s Theory of Anomie Modes of Adaptation Tests of Merton’s Theory Evaluation: Merton’s Theory Institutional Imbalance and Crime General Strain Theory Theory Informs Policy Cultural Deviance Theories The Nature of Cultural Deviance Social Disorganization Theory Tests of Social Disorganization Theory Evaluation: Social Disorganization Theory Theory Informs Policy Differential Association Theory Tests of Differential Association Theory Evaluation: Differential Association Theory Theory Informs Policy Culture Confl ict Theory BOXES Window to the World: A Social System Breaks Down Debatable Issues: Cults—Culture Confl ict—Crime Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms 6 The Formation of Subcultures The Function of Subcultures Subcultural Theories of Delinquency and Crime The Middle-Class Measuring Rod Corner Boy, College Boy, Delinquent Boy Tests of Cohen’s Theory Evaluation: Cohen’s Theory Delinquency and Opportunity Tests of Opportunity Theory Evaluation: Differential Opportunity Theory The Subculture of Violence Tests of the Subculture of Violence Evaluation: The Subculture of Violence Theory Focal Concerns: Miller’s Theory Tests of Miller’s Theory Evaluation: Miller’s Theory Gangs at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century Guns and Gangs Female Delinquent Subcultures Early Research Recent Studies Middle-Class Delinquency Explanations Theory Informs Policy Getting Out: Gang Banging or the Morgue BOXES Debatable Issues: Cohen vs. Miller Criminological Concerns: The Girls in the Gang Window to the World: Gangs Terrorize Nigeria’s Vital Oil Region Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms 7 Social Control Theory What Is Social Control? Theories of Social Control The Microsociological Perspective: Hirschi Social Bonds Empirical Tests of Hirschi’s Theory Evaluation: Hirschi’s Social Control Theory Social Control and Drift Personal and Social Control Failure of Control Mechanisms Stake in Conformity Containment Theory Empirical Tests of Containment Theory Evaluation: Containment Theory Theoretical Explorations Developmental/Life Course Theory Integrated Theory General Theories Theory Informs Policy BOXES Criminological Concerns: Defying Convention and Control: “In Your Face” Debatable Issues: Are Human Beings Inherently Bad? Window to the World: Nations with Low Crime Rates Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms 8 Labeling, Confl ict, and Radical Theories Labeling Theory The Origins of Labeling Theory Basic Assumptions of Labeling Theory Labeling in the 1960s Labeling Theory in Action Empirical Evidence for Labeling Theory Evaluation: Labeling Theory Confl ict Theory The Consensus Model The Confl ict Model Confl ict Theory and Criminology Empirical Evidence for the Confl ict Model Radical Theory The Intellectual Heritage of Marxist Criminology Engels and Marx Willem Adriaan Bonger Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer Radical Criminology since the 1970s Evaluation: Marxist Criminological Theory Emerging Explanations BOXES Debatable Issues: Racial Profi ling—Labeling before the Fact Criminological Concerns: Labeling Countries “Corrupt”: A Perverse Outcome? Window to the World: The Forgotten Criminology of Genocide Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms 9 Environmental Theory Situational Theories of Crime Environmental Criminology Rational-Choice Perspective Routine-Activity Approach Practical Applications of Situational Theories of Crime Theories of Victimization Lifestyle Theories Victim-Offender Interaction Repeat Victimization Hot Spots of Crime Geography of Crime Interrelatedness of Theories Preventing Crimes against Places, People, and Valuable Goods Situational Crime Prevention Situational Crime Prevention—Pros and Cons Displacement Theory Informs Policy BOXES Criminological Concerns: Unraveling Al-Qaida’s Target Selection Calculus Debatable Issues: Maximum-Security Schools? World News: Pakistan Is World Leader in Stolen Cars Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms PART III Types of Crimes 10 Violent Crimes Homicide Murder Manslaughter The Extent of Homicide The Nature of Homicide A Cross- National Comparison of Homicide Rates Assault Family- Related Crimes Spouse Abuse Child Abuse Abuse of the Elderly Rape and Sexual Assault Characteristics of the Rape Event Who Are the Rapists? Rape and the Legal System Community Response Kidnapping Robbery Characteristics of Robbers The Consequences of Robbery Organized Crime The History of Organized Crime The Structure and Impact of Organized Crime The New Ethnic Diversity in Organized Crime Emerging Problems Terrorism Hate Crimes Militias Violence in Schools Violence and Gun Control The Extent of Firearm- Related Offenses Youths and Guns Controlling Handgun Use The Gun- Control Debate BOXES World News: Random Murders Set Record in 2008 Window to the World: The Big Business of Organized Crime in Mexico Debatable Issues: Does the Brady Law Work? Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms 11 Crimes against Property Larceny The Elements of Larceny The Extent of Larceny Who Are the Thieves? Shoplifting Art Theft Motor Vehicle Theft Boat Theft Fraud Obtaining Property by False Pretenses Confi dence Games and Frauds Check Forgery Credit Card Crimes Insurance Fraud High- Tech Crimes: Concerns for Today and Tomorrow Characteristics of High- Tech Crimes Computers and the Internet: Types of Crimes Characteristics of the High- Tech Criminal The Criminal Justice Problem Burglary Fencing: Receiving Stolen Property Arson Comparative Crime Rates BOXES Debatable Issues: Piracy Emerges as a Major Worldwide Problem: How Can It Be Controlled? Criminological Concerns: Mortgage Fraud Criminological Concerns: Insurance Fraud Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms 12 White-Collar and Corporate Crime Defi ning White-Collar Crime Crimes Committed by Individuals Types of White-Collar Crimes Corporate Crime Frequency and Problems of Defi nition Phases of Corporate Criminal Law Theories of Corporate Liability Models of Corporate Culpability Governmental Control of Corporations Investigating Corporate Crime Environmental Crimes Curbing Corporate Crime The Future of White-Collar and Corporate Crime BOXES Window to the World: Al Qaeda’s Battle Is Economic, Not Military Debatable Issues: How Much Corporate Power Is Too Much? Criminological Concerns: Corporate Fraud Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms 13 Public Order Crimes Drug Abuse and Crime The History of Drug Abuse The Extent of Drug Abuse Patterns of Drug Abuse Crime- Related Activities Drug Control Alcohol and Crime The History of Legalization Crime- Related Activities Sexual Morality Offenses Deviate Sexual Intercourse by Force or Imposition Prostitution Pornography BOXES Window to the World: Global Sexual Slavery: Women and Children Debatable Issues: Cyberporn: Where Do We (Should We) Draw the Line? World News: Preventing Child Pornography Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms 14 International and Comparative Criminology What Is Comparative Criminology? The Defi nition of Comparative Criminology The History of Comparative Criminology The Goals of Comparative Research Engaging in Comparative Criminological Research Comparative Research Comparative Research Tools and Resources The Special Problems of Empirical Research Theory Testing Validation of Major Theories The Socioeconomic Development Perspective Practical Goals Learning from Others’ Experiences Developing International Strategies Globalization versus Ethnic Fragmentation BOXES Criminological Concerns: The Motives and Intentions of Terrorist Organizations Debatable Issues: What Should Be Done to Prevent International Corporate Fraud? Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms Notes Glossary Credits Index