Fundamentals of Body MRI

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Cover Front Matter Copyright Dedication Contributor Preface Acknowledgments 1 - Introduction and Physics of Body MRI Magnetism: How is the Human Body Magnetized? The Components The Magnet Rf System The Gradient System The Receiver System K Space and the Fourier Transform Operator’s Console Practical Technical Considerations Pulse Sequences Tissue Contrast The Pulse Sequence Scheme Optimizing Body MRI Motion Susceptibility Artifact MRI Safety Summary 2 - MRI of Focal Liver Lesions Introduction Normal Features Focal Lesions Cystic Lesions Developmental Lesions Simple Hepatic Cyst Bile Duct Hamartoma Caroli’s Disease Cavernous Hemangioma Neoplastic Lesions Biliary Cystadenoma (-Adenocarcinoma) Infectious Lesions Echinococcal Cyst Pyogenic Abscess Amebic Abscess Fungal Abscess Traumatic Lesions Hematoma Biloma Solid (and Pseudosolid) Lesions Hypervascular Lesions Hepatic Adenoma Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Focal Transient Hepatic Intensity Difference Cirrhotic Nodules (Prehypervascular) Hepatocellular Carcinoma Fibrolamellar Carcinoma Hypervascular Metastases hypovascular Lesions Hypovascular Metastases Lymphoma Ablated Tumors Peripheral Cholangiocarcinoma Lipid-Based Lesions Hepatic Angiomyolipoma Hepatic Lipoma Focal Steatosis (Fatty Infiltration) Focal Fatty Sparing REFERENCES 3 - MRI of Diffuse Liver Disease Introduction Geographic or Segmental Lesions Primarily Enhancement Lesions Geographic THID Other Geographic Vascular Lesions Signal ± Enhancement Lesions Geographic Steatosis/Iron Deposition Confluent Fibrosis Intrahepatic Cholestasis Diffuse Abnormalities Occult (General Lack of Signal and Morphologic Changes) Processes Primarily Signal Processes Fatty Liver Disease Iron Depositional Disease Primarily Morphology Diseases Cirrhosis Autoimmune Hepatitis Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Budd-Chiari Syndrome Liver Transplantation REFERENCES 4 - MRI of the Gallbladder and Biliary System Gallbladder Anatomy Normal Appearance Imaging Technique Congenital/Developmental Abnormalities of the Gallbladder Accessory Gallbladders, Ectopia, and Agenesis Cholelithiasis Diffuse Processes of the Gallbladder Cholecystitis Chronic. Gangrenous. Nonspecific Edema Adenomyomatosis Focal Processes of the Gallbladder Polyp Carcinoma Metastases Biliary Tree Anatomy and Normal Appearance Imaging Techniques Choledochal Cyst Choledocholithiasis Mirizzi’s Syndrome Biliary Obstruction Benign Etiologies Postoperative Biliary Strictures Inflammatory Etiologies Cholangitis Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Infectious Cholangitis Malignant Etiologies Cholangiocarcinoma Ampullary Carcinoma REFERENCES 5 - MRI of the Pancreas and Spleen Pancreas Anatomy and Function Normal Appearance Imaging Techniques Congenital/Developmental Anomalies of the Pancreas Annular Pancreas Pancreas Divisum Agenesis Diffuse Pancreatic Disorders Lipomatosis Pancreatitis Acute Pancreatitis Chronic Pancreatitis Autoimmune Pancreatitis Groove Pancreatitis Hereditary Pancreatitis Genetic Disorders Cystic Fibrosis Primary (Idiopathic) Hemochromatosis Von Hippel–Lindau Disease Schwachman-Diamond Syndrome Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome Focal Pancreatic Lesions Solid Pancreatic Lesions Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Pancreatic Neuroendocrine (Islet Cell) Tumors Insulinomas. Gastrinomas. Glucagonomas, Vipomas, and Somatostatinomas. Nonfunctioning Islet Cell Tumors. Pancreatic Metastases. Other Solid Pancreatic Lesions Acinar Cell Carcinoma. Lymphoma. Cystic Pancreatic Lesions Cysts Pseudocysts. Von Hippel–Lindau Disease. Neoplasms Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms. Serous Cystadenoma. Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm. Cystic Neuroendocrine (Islet Cell) Tumor. Solid-Cystic Papillary Epithelial Neoplasm.SPENs Spleen Anatomy and Function Normal Appearance Imaging Technique Congenital/Developmental Anomalies of the Spleen Accessory Spleen Polysplenia Splenogonadal Fusion Benign Lesions of the Spleen Gamna-Gandy Bodies Splenic Cysts and Pseudocysts Hemangiomas Hamartoma Lymphangioma Peliosis Inflammatory Pseudotumor Lipoma Splenic Abscesses Sarcoidosis Intermediate Lesions Littoral Cell Angioma Hemangiopericytoma Hemangioendothelioma Malignant Lesions of the Spleen Angiosarcoma Littoral Cell Angiosarcoma Pleomorphic Undifferentiated Sarcoma, Fibrosarcoma, and Leiomyosarcoma Kaposi Sarcoma Lymphoma Leukemia Cystadenocarcinoma Metastasis REFERENCES 6 - MRI of the Kidneys, Ureters, and Urinary Bladder Introduction Technique Interpretation Kidneys Normal Features Anomalies and Pseudolesions Focal Lesions Cystic Lesions Simple Renal Cyst Polycystic Diseases Hydronephrosis Complex Cystic Lesions Pyogenic Renal Abscess Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma Multilocular Cystic Nephroma Renal Hematoma Solid Lesions Solid Lesions with Ball Morphology Renal Cell Carcinoma Oncocytoma Angiomyolipoma Solid Lesions with Bean Morphology Urothelial Neoplasms Renal Lymphoma Renal Metastases Segmental/Diffuse Lesions Segmental ± Diffuse Lesions Pyelonephritis Renal Infarct Diffuse Lesions Chronic Renal Artery Stenosis Renal Vein Thrombosis Other Unilateral Disorders Diffuse Bilateral Disorders Bladder Bladder Neoplasms Urothelial Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Other Bladder Tumors Nonneoplastic Conditions of the Urinary Bladder REFERENCES 7 - MRI of the Adrenal Glands and Retroperitoneum Introduction Technique Interpretation Adrenal Glands Normal Features Cystic (Nonsolid) Lesions Adrenal Cysts. Adrenal Hemorrhage. Solid Lesions Adrenal Adenoma. Adrenal Hyperplasia. Myelolipoma. Pheochromocytoma. Metastases. Other Adrenal Malignancies. Retroperitoneum Inferior Vena Cava Anomalies Retroperitoneal Fibrosis Inflammatory Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Retroperitoneal Lymphoma Retroperitoneal Metastases Retroperitoneal Sarcomas REFERENCES 8 - MRI of the Gastrointestinal System Introduction Small Bowel Technical Considerations Normal Appearance Inflammatory Etiologies Crohn’s Disease Celiac Disease Neoplastic Etiologies Polyposis Syndromes Small Bowel Tumors Adenocarcinoma Carcinoid Tumor Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) Lymphoma Metastases Colorectum Introduction Technical Considerations Normal Appearance Common Focal Abnormalities Appendicitis Acute Diverticulitis Perianal Fistulas Rectal Cancer Common Diffuse Abnormalities Ulcerative Colitis Pseudomembranous Colitis REFERENCES 9 - MRI of the Uterus, Cervix, and Vagina Introduction Technique Interpretation Uterus Normal Features Endometrial Pathology Diffuse Abnormalities Hormonal Factors. Tamoxifen. Focal Abnormalities Intrauterine Adhesions. Intrauterine Device. Cesarean Section Defect. Endometrial Polyp. Endometrial Carcinoma. Pregnancy. Myometrial Disease Focal And Diffuse Lesions Leiomyomata. Myometrial Contractions. Malignant Lesions. Global Uterine Abnormalities Cervix and Vagina Normal Features Cystic Lesions Other Benign Cystic Lesions. Adenoma Malignum. Solid Lesions Miscellaneous Pelvic Lymphoma. Aggressive Angiomyxoma. REFERENCES 10 - MRI of the Ovaries and Adnexa Introduction Technique Interpretation Normal Anatomy Cystic Lesions Water Content Functional Ovarian Cysts. Ovarian Inclusion Cyst. Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst. Parovarian Cysts. Lipid Content Dermoid Cyst (Mature Cystic Teratoma). Functional Hemorrhagic Cyst. Hematosalpinx. Acute Lesions Tuboovarian Abscess. Ovarian Torsion. Ectopic Pregnancy. Complex Cystic and Solid Lesions Primary Epithelial Neoplasms. Other Primary Ovarian Neoplasms. Secondary. Miscellaneous Globally Abnormal Ovaries Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. Deep Pelvic Endometriosis. Vascular Lesions Pelvic Arteriovenous Malformation. Pelvic Congestion Syndrome. Ovarian Vein Thrombosis. REFERENCES 11 - MRI of the Prostate and Male Genitourinary System Prostate Anatomy Normal Appearance Imaging Techniques Field Strength Endorectal Coil T2-Weighted Imaging T1-Weighted Imaging Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Dynamic Contrast Enhancement Congenital/Developmental Processes Prostatic and Ejaculatory Duct Cysts Seminal Vesicle Cysts Diffuse Prostatic Processes Prostatitis Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Focal Prostatic Processes Prostate Cancer Metastases Penis Anatomy Normal Appearance Imaging Technique Benign Penile Processes Partial Cavernosal Thrombosis Cowper’s Duct Syringocele Peyronie’s Disease Penile Fracture Penile Malignancies Squamous Cell Carcinoma Other Primary Penile Malignancies Penile Metastases Scrotum and Contents Anatomy Normal Appearance Imaging Technique Congenital/Developmental Processes of the Scrotum And Contents Polyorchidism Cryptorchidism Dilatation of the Rete Testis Scrotal Calculi Inguinal Hernia Splenogonadal Fusion Benign Processes of the Scrotum and Contents Hydrocele Hematocele Pyocele and Fournier’s Gangrene Varicocele Tunical Cyst Epididymal Cysts and Spermatoceles Testicular Cyst Epidermoid Inclusion Cyst Granulomatous Disease Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors (Tarts) Leydig Cell Hyperplasia Lipoma Adenomatoid Tumor Sperm Granulomas Leiomyoma Papillary Cystadenoma Fibrous Pseudotumor Sclerosing Lipogranuloma Epididymitis and Epididymoorchitis Torsion Infarction Trauma Spermatic Cord Lipoma Malignant Processes of the Scrotum and Contents Primary Testicular Malignancies Lymphoma Metastases Rhabdomyosarcoma Liposarcoma REFERENCES Appendix