The Mesentery and Inflammation

Description

The volume summarizes the most recent advances in our understanding of the mesentery and explains the how these are important in inflammation.  It comprises a series of state of the art chapters by leading authorities in each area.  It explains how recent advances in our understanding of the mesenteric organ, have advanced the diagnosis and treatment abdominal and systemic conditions including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and endocrine conditions such as diabetes, and circulatory disorders such as atherosclerosis.  Preface Contents Introduction to ``The Mesentery in Inflammation´´ 1 Introduction: Inflammation and the Mesentery 2 Overview of Chapters 3 The Mesentery 4 Inflammation of the Mesentery 5 The Mesenteric Interstitium 6 The Mesenteric Lymphatic Framework 7 General Immunology of the Mesentery 8 Bacterial Translocation 9 The Effects of Mesenteric Inflammation on Adjoining Intestine 10 Targeting the Mesentery 11 Conclusion References The Development and Anatomy of the Mesentery 1 Introduction 2 The Mesentery Redefined 3 The Mesenteric Model of Abdominal Anatomy 4 Histology of the Mesentery 5 Vasculature of the Mesentery 6 The Mesentery and the Immune System 7 Implications for Our Understanding of Abdominal Inflammation 8 Implications for Treatment 9 Implications for Medical Practice in General 10 Conclusion References The Interstitium of the Mesentery: Contents and Inter-organ Connections 1 Introduction 2 Categories of Interstitial Spaces 3 Interstitial Spaces of the Mesentery 3.1 Continuity of Interstitial Spaces Within the Mesentery 3.2 Continuity Between the Mesenteric Interstitium and Extra-Mesenteric Tissues 4 Resident Cells of the Interstitium 4.1 Interstitial Lining Cells and Other Stromal Cells 4.2 Macrophages 4.3 Mast Cells 4.4 Cell Derived Exosomes 5 The Matrix of the Interstitium 5.1 Extracellular Matrix 5.2 Fluid Contents of the Interstitium 6 The Mesenteric Interstitium in Disease 7 Conclusion References Mesenteric Organ Lymphatics in Abdominal Inflammation 1 Introduction 2 Anatomy of the Mesenteric Lymphatic Vasculature 3 Developmental Origins of Mesenteric LECs 4 Mesenteric Lymphatic Molecular Regulation 5 Function of Mesenteric Lymphatics 6 Mesenteric Lymphatics and Abdominal Inflammation 6.1 Obesity 6.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 6.3 Intestinal Infection 7 Translational Perspectives References The Immunological Importance of the Mesentery 1 Phenotypic Findings and Functional Implications 1.1 Adipocyte Hyperplasia: Immune Nutrition? 1.2 Only Adipocyte Hyperplasia? 2 Adipokines 2.1 Leptin 2.2 Adiponectin 3 Adipocytes as Cells of the Innate Immune System 4 Immune Cell Infiltration and Function 4.1 Macrophages 4.2 T and B Cells 4.3 Intestinal Barrier 5 Working Model 6 Conclusion References Bacterial Translocation to the Mesentery 1 Concept of Bacterial Translocation and Methods of Detection 1.1 Historical Context 1.2 Detection Methods 2 Translocation of the Gut Microbiome in Chronic Inflammation 2.1 The Leaky Gut Hypothesis 2.2 Bacterial Translocation Patterns in Distinct Chronic Inflammatory Diseases 2.3 Microbial Influence on Mesenteric Adipose Immune and Metabolic Function 2.4 Bacterial Translocation and Creeping Fat 2.5 Management Strategies for Creeping Fat 3 Translational Perspectives References Mesenteric Microbiology and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Improved Understanding Due to Accelerating Innovation and Sophisticati... 1 The Mesentery and Microbiology 2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Microbial Species 3 Crohn´s Disease and the Microbiology of Mesenteric Fat 4 IBD and Mesenteric Microbiomes 5 IBD and Mesenteric Metagenomes 6 Conclusion References Mesenteric Adenopathy and Adenitis 1 Introduction 2 The Mesentery 3 Mesenteric Adenitis 4 Viral Pathogens Associated with Mesenteric Adenitis 5 Major Viral Pathogens That Lead to Mesenteric Adenopathy/Adenitis 5.1 SARS-CoV-2 5.2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the Mesentery 6 Viral Infection of Organs of the Mesenteric Domain 7 Non-viral Pathogens Associated with Mesenteric Adenopathy and Adenitis 8 Mechanisms by Which Viruses and Other Pathogens Access Mesenteric Lymph Nodes 9 Mesenteric Adenopathy and Adenitis in Abdominal Disease in General 10 Future Directions 10.1 Clinical Investigation of the Mesentery 10.2 Vibriota and the Mesentery 10.3 New Modalities of Disease Spread That Utilise the Mesentery 11 Conclusions References The Effects of Mesenteric Inflammation on Intestinal Fibrosis 1 Introduction 2 Mesenteric Alternation in Crohn´s Disease 2.1 Cellular Signature and Microbial Signature of Mesentery in Crohn´s Disease 2.2 Secreted Factors from Mesentery in Crohn´s Disease 2.2.1 Cytokines 2.2.2 Adipokines Leptin Adiponectin Resistin Free Fatty Acids 3 Link Between Mesenteric Inflammation and Intestinal Fibrosis: Clinical, Imaging, and Histology Evidence 4 Mechanism of Mesentery-Induced Intestinal Fibrosis in Crohn´s Disease 5 Mechanism of Intestinal Fibrosis Induced Mesenteric Alternations in Crohn´s Disease 6 Translational Perspectives 6.1 Potential Novel Targets for Anti-Fibrotic Treatment in Crohn´s Disease in Relation to the Mesentery 6.2 Barriers and Solutions of Developing Anti-Fibrotic Agents in Crohn´s Disease References Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters of the Mesentery 1 Introduction 2 Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters 3 Drug Metabolizing Enzymes of the Mesentery 4 Transporters of the Mesentery 5 Regulation of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters and Their Association with the Diseases of the Mesentery 6 Potential Impact of Mesentery in ADME and Toxicology 7 Conclusions References Targeting the Mesentery with Surgery 1 Introduction 2 The Role of the Mesentery in Inflammation 3 The Traditional Surgical Approach to the Mesentery 3.1 Colorectal Cancer 3.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 3.2.1 Ulcerative Colitis 3.2.2 Medically Refractory Colitis 3.2.3 Ulcerative Colitis Associated Neoplasia 3.3 Crohn´s Disease 3.3.1 Ileocolic Crohn´s 3.3.2 Strictureplasty for Small Bowel Crohn´s 3.4 Sigmoid Diverticulitis 4 Progressive Surgical Approach to the Mesentery 4.1 Pouchitis and Peri-Pouch Fat 4.2 Ileocolic Crohn´s: Extended Mesenteric Excision 4.3 Ileocolic Crohn´s: Kono-S Anastomosis 5 Future Directions 6 Conclusions References Future Directions in Investigating ``The Mesentery in Inflammation´´ 1 Introduction 2 The Development and Anatomy of the Thorax 3 The Interstitial Continuum 4 Mesenteric Lymphangiogenesis, Obesity, and Inflammation 5 The Mesenteric Component of the Immune System 6 Bacterial Translocation and Translocation Phenotypes 7 Viruses, Parasites, Bacteria, and the Mesentery 8 Mesenteric-Based Radiological and Endoscopic Indices of Disease Activity 9 Pharmacology of the Mesentery 10 Surgical Interruption of Mesenteric Events 11 Conclusion References