Russian Bible Wars: Modern Scriptural Translation and Cultural Authority

Description

Although biblical texts were known in Church Slavonic as early as the ninth century, translation of the Bible into Russian came about only in the nineteenth century. Modern scriptural translation generated major religious and cultural conflict within the Russian Orthodox church. The resulting divisions left church authority particularly vulnerable to political pressures exerted upon it in the twentieth century. Russian Bible Wars illuminates the fundamental issues of authority that have divided modern Russian religious culture. Set within the theoretical debate over secularization, the volume clarifies why the Russian Bible was issued relatively late and amidst great controversy. Stephen Batalden's study traces the development of biblical translation into Russian and of the 'Bible wars' that then occurred in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Russia. The annotated bibliography of the Russian Bible identifies the different editions and their publication history. Cover Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1 Origins of the Russian Bible Society Freemasonry and its relationship to the Bible Society movement Ignaz Fessler Aleksandr Fedorovich Labzin The new piety and Russian Orthodox churchmen Alexander I and imperial patronage of the Bible Society The coming of the Bible Society Chapter 2 Technology and textology The introduction of stereotype printing in Russia Affiliated branch chapters and auxiliaries of the Bible Society: marketing the word Translating the Bible Closure of the Russian Bible Society The Gossner affair Chapter 3 Foreign and clandestine publishing in Nikolaevan Russia Who had the right to distribute Russian scripture? Foreign publication of Russian scripture The Pavskii affair Old Testament translations of the Altai missionary, St. Makarii (Glukharev) Chapter 4 The synodal Bible The initial debate Synodal action and publication of the synodal New Testament The synodal Old Testament Key participants in the preparation of the synodal OT translation The BFBS and the synodal Russian Bible Scholarly debate spawned by the Russian Bible Chapter 5 Russian biblical translation and the Jewish Question Jewish translations from the Hebrew Bible into Russian English New Revised Standard Version Russian Bible Society Octateuch (St. Petersburg, 1825) British and Foreign Bible Society Revised Russian Old Testament, 1875 Synodal Old Testament Mandel’shtam Pentateuch (Berlin, 1862) Gordon/Gershtein/Levanda Pentateuch (Vil’na, 1875) Shteinberg Pentateuch (Vil’na, 1901) Russian biblical translation and the blood libel issue Chapter 6 Colportage, sectarianism, and Russian Bible publication Afterword Russian biblical translation in the twentieth century Appendix Annotated bibliography of the Russian Bible, 1794–1991 1. 1794. New Testament. Epistle to the Romans 2. 1818. Psalter 3. 1819. New Testament. Slavonic/Russian Gospels diglot 4. 1819. New Tes tament. Slavonic/Russian Gospels diglot 5. 1820. New Testament. Slavonic/Russian Gospels and Acts diglot 6. 1820. New Testament. Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, and Ten epistles in Slavonic/Russian diglot 7. 1821 [1822]. New Testament in Slavonic and Russian 8. 1822. New Testament in Slavonic and Russian. 27 × 16 9. 1822. New Testament in Slavonic and Russian 24.5 × 14.5 10. 1822. New Testament in Slavonic and Russian 11. 1822. Psalter 12. 1822. Psalter 13. 1822. Psalter 14. 1822. Psalter 15. 1822. Psalter 16. 1822. Psalter 17. 1823. Psalter 18. 1823. Psalter 19. 1823. New Testament in Slavonic and Russian 20. 1823. New Testament 21. 1823. New Testament 22. 1824. Psalter 23. [1824–5.] Old Testament. Genesis–Ruth 24. 1838. New Testament 25. 1838–41. Old Testament. Job. Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, and the major and minor prophets 26. 1840. New Testament. Gospel of Matthew in Aleut/Russian diglot 27. 1843. Readings from the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles 28. 1845. Readings from the Old Testament 29. 1849. Readings from the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles 30. 1849. Readings from the Old Testament 31. 1850. New Testament 32. 1852. Psalter 33. 1854. New Testament 34. 1854. Psalter 35. 1855. Psalter 36. 1855. New Testament 37. 1858. New Testament 38. 1858. Old Testament. Song of Solomon 39. 1859. Old Testament. Job 40. 1860. Old Testament. Pentateuch 41. 1860. Old Testament. Job 42. 1860. Psalter 43. 1860. New Testament. Gospels 44. 1860. New Testament. Gospels and Acts in Slavonic and Russian [1860. Old Testament. Jeremiah and Lamentations. 45. 1861. New Testament. Gospels and Acts 46. 1861. Old Testament. Job 47. 1861. Old Testament. Job 48. 1861. Old Testament. Genesis–Ruth [1861. Old Testament. Ezekiel, Daniel, and Hosea–Malachi. [1861. Old Testament. Genesis–Ruth, Ecclesiastes. 49. 1862. New Testament. Acts–Revelation 50. 1862. Old Testament. Octateuch (Genesis – Ruth) 51. 1862. New Testament and Psalter 52. 1862. New Testament 53. 1862. Psalter 54. 1862. Old Testament. Pentateuch 55. 1862. New Testament. Acts–Revelation in Slavonic/Russian diglot 56. 1862. Old Testament. 1 and 2 Chronicles; Proverbs; Ezra; Nehemiah; Esther 57. 1863 [1860–3]. Old Testament. Isaiah–Malachi 58. 1863. Old Testament. Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes and Proverbs 59. 1863. Old Testament. Pentateuch 60. 1863. New Testament. Gospels 61. 1863. New Testament. Acts–Revelation 62. 1863. New Testament 63. 1863. New Testament. Gospels 64. 1863. Old Testament. Joshua, Judges, and Ruth 65. 1863. Psalter 66. 1864. New Testament. Acts–Revelation 67. 1864. New Testament. Gospels 68. 1864. New Testament 69. 1864. New Testament and Psalter 70. 1864. New Testament. Gospels 71. 1864. New Testament 72. 1864. New Testament. Gospels in Georgian/Russian diglot 73. 1865 [1861–5]. Old Testament. Vol. i: Genesis–Ruth, Ecclesiastes. Vol. ii: 1 Samuel – 2 Chronicles, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, and Proverbs 74. 1865. New Testament. Gospels 75. 1865. New Testament 76. 1865 [1866]. New Testament. Gospels 77. 1865 [1866?]. New Testament. Acts–Revelation 78. 1866 [1865]. Old Testament. Joshua and Judges 79. 1866. New Testament. Gospels 80. 1866. New Testament. Gospels in Slavonic/Russian diglot 81. 1866. Old Testament. Proverbs 82. 1866. Old Testament. Isaiah 83. 1867 [1865–6]. Old Testament. 1 Samuel – 2 Kings (i.e. 1–4 Kings). 84. 1867. Old Testament. Jeremiah and Lamentations 85. 1867. Old Testament. Ezekiel 86. 1867. New Testament 87. 1867. New Testament. Gospel of John 88. 1867. New Testament. Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians and Galatians 89. 1867. Old Testament. Psalter 90. 1867. New Testament. Gospel of John 91. 1868. Old Testament. Pentateuch 92. 1868. Old Testament. 1 Chronicles–Esther 93. 1868. Old Testament. Daniel 94. 1868. Old Testament. Hosea – Malachi 95. 1869. New Testament 96. 1869. New Testament 97. 1869. Old Testament. Joshua–Esther 98. 1869. Old Testament. The Psalter 99. 1870. Old Testament. Job 100. 1870. New Testament. Gospels in Slavonic and Russian 101. 1870. New Testament 102. 1870. Old Testament. 1 and 2 Samuel 103. 1870. New Testament. Gospels 104. 1871. Psalter 105. 1871. Old Testament. Joshua–Esther [1871. Old Testament. Lamentations. 106. 1872. New Testament. Gospels 107. 1872. New Testament 108. 1872. Old Testament. Pentateuch in Hebrew/Russian diglot 109. 1872. Psalter. Hebrew/Russian diglot 110. 1872. Old Testament. 1 and 2 Kings 111. 1872. Old Testament. Job, Psalter, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Wisdom of Solomon, and Ecclesiasticus (Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirakh) 112. 1873. Old Testament. 1 Chronicles–Esther 113. 1873. Old Testament. Job 114. 1873. Psalter 115. 1873. Old Testament. Ecclesiastes and Song of Solomon 116. 1873. New Testament 117. 1873. Psalter 118. 1874. New Testament 119. 1874. New Testament. The Gospels 120. 1874. New Testament in Slavonic/Russian diglot 121. 1875. Old Testament. Isaiah – 3 Esdras 122. 1875. Old Testament. Pentateuch 123. 1875. Old Testament. Pentateuch in Hebrew and Russian 124. 1875. Old Testament. Isaiah in Hebrew and Russian 125. 1875. Old Testament 126. 1875. Old Testament. Genesis–Ruth 127. 1875. Old Testament. Job–Malachi 128. 1875. Bible 129. 1876. Old Testament 130. 1876. Bible 131. 1876. Old Testament. Pentateuch in Hebrew/Russian diglot 132. 1876. Old Testament in Hebrew/Russian diglot 133. 1877. Old Testament. Pentateuch in Hebrew/Russian diglot 134. 1877. Bible 135. 1877. New Testament 136. 1877. New Testament. Gospels 137. 1877 [1878]. New Testament [1878. Bible. 138. 1878. New Testament. Gospels and Acts of the Apostles 139. 1878. Bible 140. [1878.] New Testament 141. 1878–9. Old Testament. Pentateuch 142. 1879. New Testament and Psalter 143. 1879. New Testament 144. 1880. New Testament 145. 1881. New Testament 146. 1881. New Testament. Gospel of John 147. 1881. New Testament in Slavonic and Russian 148. 1882 [1881–2]. Bible [1882. Bible. [1882. New Testament. 149. 1882. New Testament. Acts–Revelation in Slavonic and Russian 150. 1882. New Testament 151. 1883. New Testament [1883. New Testament. 152. 1883. Psalter 153. 1883. New Testament. Gospel of Mark 154. 1884. New Testament 155. 1885. New Testament 156. 1885. New Testament. Gospels and Acts in Russian and Komi-Zyrian 157. 1885. Psalter in Russian/Komi-Zyrian diglot 158. 1886. New Testament. Gospel of Matthew in Greek, Slavonic, Russian and Latin 159. 1887. Psalter 160. 1887. New Testament. The Gospel of Mark 161. 1887. New Testament. Gospels 162. 1887. New Testament. Gospels 163. 1887. New Testament. Gospel of Mark in Greek, Slavonic, Russian, and Latin 164. 1888. New Testament. Gospel of Luke in Greek, Slavonic, Russian, and Latin 165. 1888. New Testament 166. 1888. New Testament and Psalter 167. 1888. Old Testament. Genesis–Judges and 1 Samuel – 2 Kings in Hebrew and Russian 168. 1889. New Testament. Gospel of Matthew 169. 1889. New Testament. The Gospel of Luke 170. 1889. New Testament. Gospel of John 171. 1889. New Testament 172. 1889. Bible 173. 1889. New Testament and Psalter 174. 1889. New Testament in Slavonic and Russian 175. 1889. Bible 176. 1889. Old Testament. Pentateuch in Hebrew/Russian diglot 177. 1889. New Testament 178. 1890. New Testament in Slavonic/Russian diglot 179. 1890. New Testament. Gospel of John in Greek, Slavonic, Russian and Latin 180. 1890. New Testament. Gospels 181. 1890. New Testament. Gospels in Slavonic/Russian diglot 182. 1890. New Testament and Psalter 183. 1890. New Testament. Gospel harmony 184. 1890. Psalter 185. 1890. Old Testament. Micah [and other OT books] 186. 1892. Old Testament. Pentateuch 187. 1892. Psalter 188. 1892. New Testament 189. 1893. Bible 190. 1893. Bible [1893. Old Testament. Psalter in Hebrew and Russian 191. 1893. New Testament 192. 1893. Old Testament. The Psalter 193. 1894. New Testament 194. 1896. New Testament and Psalter 195. 1896. Bible [1897. Bible. 196. 1897. New Testament and Psalter 197. 1897. New Testament [1897. Old Testament. Amos. 198. 1898. Psalter 199. 1898. Bible [1900. Bible. 200. 1901, 1902. Old Testament. Pentateuch in Russian/Hebrew diglot 201. 1901. New Testament. Romans–Colossians in Slavonic/Russian diglot with commentary 202. 1901. New Testament. Gospel harmony 203. 1902 [1901–2]. New Testament. 1 Thessalonians–Hebrews in Slavonic/Russian diglot [1902. New Testament. Selections. [1902. Bible. [1902. Bible. 204. 1903. Old Testament. The prophets and the writings in Hebrew/Russian diglot 205. 1903. Old Testament. The Former Prophets (Joshua, Judges, 1 Samuel – 2 Kings) in Hebrew/Russian diglot 206. 1903. New Testament. Gospels [1904. Bible. [1904–13. Толковая Библiя или Комментарiи на вс книги св. Писанiя Ветхаго и Новаго Зав та. 207. 1904. Psalter 208. 1904. New Testament. Gospels 209. 1904. New Testament. Gospels 210. 1904. New Testament in Slavonic/Russian diglot 211. 1905. Bible 212. 1905. New Testament. Acts of the Apostles and Catholic epistles 213. 1905. New Testament. Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians and 1–2 Thessalonians 214. 1905. New Testament. 1–2 Corinthians, Romans, 1–2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and Hebrews 215. 1905. New Testament. Gospels 216. 1906. New Testament 217. 1906. New Testament [1907. New Testament. 218. 1907. New Testament 219. 1907. Bible [1908. Bible. [1908. Bible. [1908. Old Testament. Proverbs. 220. 1908. Bible 221. 1908. New Testament. Gospel of Matthew 222. 1908. New Testament. Gospel of Mark 223. 1908. New Testament. Gospel of Luke 224. 1908. New Testament. Gospel of John 225. 1909. New Testament and Psalter 226. 1909. New Testament [1910. Bible. [1910. Old Testament. Jeremiah. 227. 1910. Psalter 228. 1910. Old Testament. Song of Solomon 229. 1911. New Testament. Russian/English diglot Gospel of Luke 230. 1911. Old Testament. Ecclesiasticus 231. 1911. Old Testament. Genesis–Leviticus [1911. Old Testament. Ezekiel. 232. 1912. New Testament in Slavonic/Russian diglot [1912. Old Testament. Daniel. [1913. Bible. 233. 1913. New Testament [1913. Old Testament. The Minor Prophets. 234. 1913–14. Old Testament. Pentateuch in Russian/Hebrew diglot 235. 1914. Bible [1914. Old Testament. Job. 236. 1914. New Testament. Gospel of John 237. 1914. New Testament. Gospels in Slavonic and Russian 238. 1915. New Testament. Gospels 239. 1915. New Testament and Psalter 240. 1915. New Testament [1916. Bible. 241. 1916. New Testament and Psalter [1917. Bible. 242. 1917. New Testament. Gospels in Slavonic/Russian diglot 243. 1918. Bible [1918. New Testament. 244. 1918. New Testament 245. 1918. New Testament. Gospels 246. 1918. New Testament. Gospel of Matthew 247. 1918. New Testament. Gospel of Mark 248. 1918. New Testament. Gospel of Luke 249. 1918. New Testament. Gospel of John 250. 1918. New Testament and Psalter 251. 1919. New Testament and Psalter 252. 1920. Bible 253. 1921. New Testament 254. 1921. New Testament and Psalter 255. 1921. New Testament and Psalter 256. 1921. New Testament. Gospel of John 257. 1921. Old Testament. Song of Solomon 258. 1922. New Testament 259. 1922. Bible 260. 1922. Bible 261. 1925. Old Testament. Ruth 262. 1926. Bible 263. 1926 [1927]. Bible 264. 1927. Bible 265. 1927. New Testament and Psalter 266. 1927. New Testament 267. [1930.] New Testament. Gospel of Matthew 268. [1930.] New Testament. Gospel of Mark 269. [1930.] New Testament. Gospel of Luke 270. [1930.] New Testament. Gospel of John 271. 1931. Bible 272. 1940. New Testament and Psalter 273. [1941.] New Testament and Psalter 274. 1942. New Testament and Psalter 275. 1943. New Testament. Gospels 276. 1944. New Testament. Gospel of Luke in English/Russian diglot 277. 1945. New Testament 278. 1945. New Testament. Gospel of John 279. [1945.] New Testament and Psalter 280. [1946.] New Testament and Psalter 281. 1946. Bible 282. [1947.] Bible 283. 1947. New Testament. Gospel of Matthew 284. 1947. New Testament. Gospel of John 285. 1948. New Testament. Gospel of Mark 286. 1948. New Testament. Gospel of Luke 287. 1948. Bible 288. 1948. New Testament and Psalter 289. 1950. New Testament. Gospel harmony 290. 1950. Psalter in Slavonic/Russian diglot 291. 1953. New Testament. Gospel of Matthew 292. 1954. Bible 293. 1956. Bible 294. 1956. New Testament and Psalter 295. 1957. Bible 296. 1958. New Testament. Gospels 297. 1959. New Testament. Gospel harmony and Acts of the Apostles 298. 1959. New Testament. Gospels of Mark and John 299. 1962. New Testament and Psalter 300. 1963. New Testament. Gospels and Acts of the Apostles 301. 1964. Bible 302. [1965.] New Testament 303. 1966. New Testament and Psalter 304. 1967. New Testament and Psalter 305. 1967. New Testament 306. 1967. New Testament. Gospel of Luke 307. 1968. New Testament and Psalter 308. 1968 [1969]. Bible 309. 1968. Bible 310. [1968, 1969.] Bible 311. 1969. New Testament. Illustrated Gospels 312. 1970. New Testament 313. [1970?] New Testament. Paraphrase of Epistle to the Romans 314. [1973–4.] New Testament in micro-edition 315. 1973. Old Testament. Selections 316. 1974. New Testament and Psalter 317. 1975. Old Testament. Pentateuch (Torah) in Hebrew/Russian diglot 318. 1976. Bible 319. 1976. New Testament [and Psalter?] 320. 1976. New Testament. Gospel of John Paraphrase 321. 1977. New Testament and Psalter 322. [1977?] New Testament in Russian/English diglot 323. [1978.] Bible 324. 1978. New Testament. Gospel of John 325. 1978. Old Testament. Joshua, Judges, 1–2 Samuel, 1–2 Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Hosea–Malachi in Hebrew/Russian diglot 326. 1978. Old Testament. Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Solomon, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and 1–2 Chronicles in Hebrew/Russian diglot 327. 1979. Bible. [1979. New Testament. (Moscow: Moscow Patriarchate, 1979). 328. 1979. Bible 329. 1981. Bible 330. 1981. New Testament. Gospel of Luke in Braille [1982. Bible with references (Stockholm: Institute for Bible Translation, [1982]). 331. 1982. New Testament on cassette tapes 332. 1982. New Testament. Gospel of Matthew in Russian Braille 333. 1983. New Testament. Gospel of John in Russian Braille 334. 1983. New Testament. Acts of the Apostles in Russian Braille 335. 1983. Bible. Biblical selections and paraphrases for children [1983. Bible. Библия: Книги Священного Писания Ветхого и Нового Завета. (Moscow: Moscow Patriarchate, 1983). 336. 1983. Bible 337. 1984. Bible 338. [1984?] New Testament and Psalter 339. 1984. Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, Romans, a nd First Epistle of John 340. 1987. Bible 341. 1988. Bible 342. 1990. Bible 343. 1990–1. Bible 344. 1990. Bible. biblical selections and paraphrases for children 345. 1990. Old Testament 346. 1990. Bible 347. 1991. New Testament 348. 1991. New Testament. Gospels 349. 1991. New Testament and Psalter 350. 1991. New Testament. Gospel of Matthew Select bibliography Index