A History of the Early Church [2 Volumes in 1]: Vol. III: From Constantine to Julian. Vol. IV: The Era of the Church Fathers

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2 volumes in 1. Vol. III recounts the period in which the Church, emerging from the persecution under Diocletian, found comparative security under Constantine. Vol. IV covers the era of the Church Fathers and the origins of monasticism. TRANSLATOR S NOTE . . . . . -13 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 1 4 1 DOWNFALL AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE EMPIRE . 1 7 Attacks by Germans and Persians, 17. Empire of Postumus on the Rhine, 18. Empire of Palmyra, 19. Claudius the Conqueror of the Goths, and Aurelian, 19. New Cult of the Sun, 20. Diocletian, 21. The Tetrarchy, 22. Court Ceremonial, 25. New Divisions of the Empire, 26. Tax Reform, 27. Coinage, 27. Price-fixing, 27. Army reform, 28. Buildings, 29. Sculpture, 30. Literature, 32. Plotinus, 32. Porphyry, 38. His Asceticism, 42. Against the Christians, 44. Chaldean Oracles and Theurgy, 47. Hermetic Writings, 48. Jewish Influence, 52. Magical Papyri, 53- 2 THE FINAL VICTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH 57 Increasing extension of Christianity, 57. Church Buildings, 58. Isolated Conflicts, 59. Edict of Diocletian, 61: its background, 62. Galerius, 62. Edicts against the Marriage of Relatives, and against Manicheans; ancient Roman Motives, 63. Fire in the Palace; Disturbances; second and third Edicts, 64. Bloody Persecution, 65. Fourth Edict, 67. Renunciation of Empire by Diocletian and Maximian, 67. Rise of Constantine and Maxentius, 68. The second tetrarchy, 69. Persecution under Maximinus, 70. Edict of Tolerance, and death of Galerius, 7 1 . Further persecution under Maximinus, 72. Constantine against Maxentius, 74. Battle at Ponte MoUe, 74. Legends, 75. Measures of tolerance decided at Milan, 77. Victory of Licinius in Campus Serenus, 78. Death of Maximinus, 78. Licinius's revenge, 78. Diocletian's death, 78. Licinius against the Christians, 79. His downfall; Constantine sole 3 THE DONATIST CONTROVERSY . . . , , 8a Proof of the Emperor's favour to Christians in Africa, 82. Protest of the Donatists, 84. Their previous history, 84. Choice of Caecihan, 84. Constantine compelled to decide, 85. Synod at Rome (a.d. 313), 86. Synod at Aries (a.d. 314), 88. The Donatists appeal to the Emperor, 89. Verdict at Milan (a.d. 315), 90. Laws against the Donatists, 91. The Emperor draws back, 92. 4 THE ARIAN CONTROVERSY TO THE DEATH OP CONSTANTINE ....... 94 Preliminary events in Egypt under Dionysius of Alexandria, 94. Advance of the Sabellians, 95. Dionysius of Rome drawn in, 96. Apology of Dionysius of Alexandria, 97. Relation of respect towards Rome, 98. HomousioSy 99. Paul of Samosata as Bishop of Antioch, 99. Synod of a.d. 268 in Antioch deposes him, 100. His doctrine, 10 1. HomousioSy 102. The Meletian schism, 103. Peter of Alexandria's prescriptions for penitence, 104. Meletios in opposition; founds a Church, 105. Arius accused and condemned, 106. The Lucianists side with him, 107. His doctrine, 107. Alexander's theses in reply, no. The Lucianists take part, 112. Constantine represented by Ossius, 113. Synod at Antioch (a.d. 324), 114. General synod called to Nicea (a.d. 325), 116. The opening, 117. HomousioSy 119. The synod submits, 120. The opponents, 120. The canons, 121. Rule for dating Easter, 121. The state carries out the conclusions of the Council, 123. Difficulties in Egypt and the second meeting in Nicea (a.d. 327), 123. Deposition of Eustathios of Antioch, 125. The canons of Antioch, 126. Death of Alexander of Alexandria (a.d. 328), 128. Athanasius elected, 128. Meletians against Athanasius, 129. Arius not received, 130. Constantine and Arius, 130. The "murder" of Arsenius, 131. Synod at Caesarea (a.d. 334) rejected by Athanasius, 132. Synod at Tyre (a.d. 335), 133. Athanasius flees to Constantinople, 134. Consecration of the Church in Jerusalem, 134. Athanasius banished to Treves, 135. Death of Constantine, 136. CONSTANTINE 137 Confirming the frontiers, 137. Rebellion of Galocaeros, 137. Crispus, 137. Dalmatius and Hannibalianus, 138. Reform of administration, 138. Offices in Empire and court, 139. Army, 140. Taxes, 141. Coinage, 141. Reform of the laws, 142, New laws, 143. Augustus and Gonstantine, 144. Foundation of Constantinople, 145. Churches built in the capital and in the provinces, 146; in the west, 148. Decay of the temples, 149. Soothsayers forbidden to divine the future, 149. The temple in Hispellum, 150. Constantine's attitude to Christianity, 150. The battle of Ponte MoUe as understood by Christians and pagans, 151. Constantine's letters, 152. His restraint on coinage, 154. Constantine as a preacher, 156, and a theologian, 156. His death sentences, 160. Peace on earth, 162. 6 THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE OF GONSTANTINE . . 163 Eusebius of Caesarea, 163. The Chronicle^ 164. Praeparatio and Demonstratio Evangdica^ 166. Apologetics, 167. Bible Commentaries, 167. Church HistoryJ 168. Eusebius's ideal of culture, 169. Biography of Constantine, 170. Theophany, 170. Gregory the Miracle-worker, 171. Methodios of Olympos, 171. Scriptores Historiae Augustae and the Panegyrists, 173. Arnobius, 173. Lactantius, 174: his Apocalyptic, 175. Optatianus Porphyrius, 179. 7 constantine's SUCCESSORS 181 Constantine's sons, 181. Division of the heritage, and murder of relatives, 182. Death of Constantioe II, 183. Gonstantius, 183. Return of the exiles, 184. Athanasius in Alexandria, 185. Eusebius of Nicomedia becomes Bishop of Constantinople. Further depositions, 186. Pistos as "Arian bishop" in Alexandria, 186. Charges- against Athanasius, 187. Dealings with Julius of Rome, 187. Athanasius driven out, Gregory in Alexandria (a.d. 339), 188. Encyclical of Athanasius, 189: he goes to Rome, 190. Marcellus of Ancyra, 190. Julius writes to the Eusebians, 191. Eusebius replies, 192. Roman synod: Julius's letter to the eastern bishops, 193. Marcellus declared orthodox in Rome, 196. Churchconsecration synod in Antioch, 196. The credal formulas, 197. Death of Eusebius of Constantinople. Disturbances in the capital, 198. "Fourth formula of Antioch", 199. Synod of Serdika (a.d. 342), 199: its canons, 203; respect for Rome, 204. Protests in the east, 205. The western delegation in Antioch, 207. Death of Gregory of Alexandria. Athanasius recalled, 207. His return (a.d. 346), 208. The "formula makrostichos", 208. Synod at Milan. Photinos of Sirmium condemned, 209. Athanasius breaks with Marcellus, 210. Synod at Sirmium (a.d. 347) Ursacius and Valens adhere to Rome, 210. 8 CONSTANTIUS AS SOLE EMPEROR . . . .211 Rebellion of Magnentius; Vetranio, 211. Battle near Mursa, 212. Photinus of Sirmium deposed, 213. Charges against Athanasius, 213. Liberius of Rome intervenes, 214. Constantius demands condemnation of Athanasius, 214. Synod at Milan (a.d. 355): the leaders of the opposition banished, 215. Athanasius driven from Alexandria (a.d. 356), 216. George installed, 217. Caesar Gallus deposed in Antioch, 217. Julian sent to the Rhine, 2 18. Formula of Unity of Sirmium (a.d. 357), 219. Eudoxios of Antioch, 219 and the Neo-arianism of Actios and Eunomios, 220. Homousios as the opponents' keyword, 221. The homoiousians in Ancyra (a.d. 358), 221. Athanasius and homousios, 222. Basil of Ancyra defeats Eudoxios and his adherents, 223. Synod at Sirmium (a.d. 358), 224. Liberius submits, 225. The homoios of Sirmium, 226. Double synod in Rimini and Seleucia (a.d. 359). Rimini, 227. Nike, 228. Seleucia, 229. Conclusion in Constantinople, 231. Synod of the Acacians, 231. Victory of /iomotoj, 231. New Persian war, 233. Julian acclaimed Augustus, 233. Death of Constantius, 235. 9 THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE FOLLOWING CONSTANTINE . 236 Laws against the Ancient Cults, 236. Constantius in Rome, 237. Calendar of Filocalus, 238. Constantinople as a new Centre of Culture, 240. Themis tios, 240. Antioch. Libanius, 241. Athens and its student-life, 241. Prohaeresios, 242. Eunapios, 243. Themistios and Libanius. lamblichos, 244. Christian Literature: Didymos the BHnd. Titus of Bostra, 245. Cyril ofJerusalem, 246. Athanasius as a Writer, 247. His doctrine of Redemption, 248. Speeches against the Arians, 250. In the west: Aurelius Victor. Nonius Marcellus, Aelius Donatus, 252. Marius Victorinus, 253. Chalcidius. Firmicus Maternus, 255. Hilary of Poitiers, 256. Lucifer of Caghari, 259. 10 JULIAN 261 Ascends the Throne, 261. Youth and studies, 261. Libanius. Maximus of Ephesus, 263. Breach with Christianity, 263. New style of Hfe at Court. Honour for the Senate, 264. Idealism Reform of the Municipality, 265. Restoration of the Ancient Cults, 265. Violence of the Populace, 266. Return of exiled Bishops, 266. Athanasius, 267. Synod at Alexandria (a.d. 362). Schism of Antioch, 267. Alexandria's proposals for theological Harmony, 268. Division in Antioch, 269. Apollinaris of Laodicea, 269. Doctrine of the Homousia of the Holy Spirit, 272. Maximos of Ephesus at Court, 273. Sterner measures against Christians. Laws about Instruction, 274. Julian migrates to Antioch, 276. Disillusions, 277. Julian's Neoplatonic Religion, 277. Program of Reform for the Priesthood, 278. The Christians as Patterns, 278. Chicanery, 280. Rebuilding of the Temple at Jerusalem, 282. Disliked by the Antiochenes, 282. Misopogon and the Caesars, 284. Persian campaign, 285. Death of Julian, 287. II WORSHIP ........ 288 Extant liturgical Documents, 288. Church Architecture, 289. The main Service: "Catechumens' Mass," 289. Biblical Lessons and Order of Passages, 289. Sermons, 290. Believers' Mass, 291. The Sacrifice, 293. Provincial differences, 294. Western Liturgies. Milan, 295. Rome. Loss of Invocation, 296. The Sacrificial Act as a Mysterium, 296. Elaboration of Services: vestments, 297. The *'Processions", 298. Frequency of Services, 298. Lauds and Vespers, 300. Daily "Hours" of Prayer, 300. Hymns, 301. Influence of Monasticism: Night Services, 302. Pilgrimages to the Holy Land: the Pilgrim of Bordeaux, 302. Aetheria, 303. Buildings at the Holy Sepulchre, 303. Worship in Jerusalem: the Daily Service, 304. Sunday, 305. Easter-fasting, 306. Palm Sunday. Maundy Thursday, 307. Good Friday with Veneration of the Cross, 308. Easter Saturday and Easter Night: Baptism, 309. Easter Sunday. Duration of the Fast, 310. Sermon series, Series of Biblical pictures, 312. Descriptions by Ambrose, Prudentius, Paulinus of Nola, 313. Epiphany and Christmas, 314. Spread of Epiphany in the East, 315. The Christmas Festival comes East from Rome, 316. Christmas and Epiphany in the West, 316. Adjustment of Meanings, 318. Unsolved Problems, 319. Origin of the Festivals of Epiphany, 319, and Christmas, 321. Holy days, 322. Day of Peter and Paul. Festival of Peter's Stool, 323. Bishops' Days, 324. The Syriac Calendar of Nicomedia, 324. Apostles' Days in the East, 325. Worship of Relics, 326. LITERATURE ....... 329 A SHORT BIBLIOGRArHY 33 1 SELECT INDEX 334 CONTENTS Chronological Table . . . . . lo Translator's Note . . . . . . n 1 Jovian, Valentinian, and Valens . . . 13 Re-affirmation of divisions in the church, 13. Synods in Alexandria, 14; and in Antioch, 14. Church policy of the new emperors, 16. Banishments under Valens, 17. Eustathius's journey to Rome, 18. New leaders in theology, 20. Basil's attempts at reconciliation, 22. Negotiations with Athanasius, 23. The Missions of Sabinus, 25. Basil sends Dorotheus to Rome, 26. The two journeys of Dorotheus and Sanctissimus, 28. Death of Basil, 31. The Gothic war, 32. Valens slain, 34. 2 ThEODOSIUS I AND THE EnD OF THE ArIAN Controversy •••..• 35 Peace with the Goths, 36. Theodosius unites the church of the east, 37. Meletius, 38. Gregory of Nazianzus in Constantinople, 38. The affair of the philosopher Maximus, 40. The second ecumenical council, 43. Its canons, 45, and its doctrine of the Trinity, 47. 3 The Western Church under Valentinian I and Gratian ....... 50 The Luciferians, 50. Damasus and Ursinus, 51. The "Illyrian" homoianSj 52. Damasus strengthens his position, 54. Rome's prerogatives, 56. Ambrose of Milan, 57. Gratian, and peace in the church, 59. Ambrose attacks the Illyrian Arianism, 60. Synods in Aquileia, 61; their intervention in the problems of the eastern church issues in an ultimatum, 65. 4 Ambrose and Theodosius ..... 68 The church's status is confirmed, 69. The tyrant Maximus, 70. Priscillian, 70. Enemies of Priscillian, 73. Maximus suppresses with bloodshed, 75. The dispute about the altar of Victory, 76. Ambrose formulates the duties of a Christian ruler, 77. Conflict with the Empress-mother Justina, 78; and Valentinian II, 81. Theodosius becomes sole ruler, 84. His attitude to paganism in the west and in the east, 84. The spiritual influence of Ambrose, 87. Sacrum Imperium, 88. Rebellion of Eugenius, 92. Ambrose takes a hand against him, 92. Emperor and bishop, 95. 5 Popular Christianity in the Fourth Century . 97 Changes in the constitution of the established church, 97. Likings for the mysterious, 98. Baptism of adults, 99. Cyril of Jerusalem teaches Christians, 1 01. Grace and will, 102, Faith, 103, God, 103, Christ, 104, the last judgment, 105. The Holy Spirit, 106, the church, 106. The mystery of the sacraments, 108. John Chrysostom and his city congregation, no. Biblicism, 113. Superstition and the Jewish rites, 113. The Christian and the prevailing emergency, 115. Perfection and Christianity in everyday life, 119. Martyrs as examples and as patrons, 122. 6 MONASTICISM ....... 124 § I . Preliminary Steps: Ascetic elements in Jesus and Paul, 124. Property and marriage in the first age of Christendom, 126. Contempt for the body, 128. Ascetics and pneumatics, 1 29. Certain sects demand universal celibacy, 130. Ascent through asceticism to gnosticism in Alexandria, 131. Are there any non-Christian models of monasticism?, 132. § 2. Anchoritism and Monasticism: Antony, 135. Athanasius's Life of Antony, 135. Belief in demons, 137. Egyptian hermits, 138. The Apophthegmata Patrum, 139. The earliest monasticism: Pachomius and his rules, 141. The working of a monastery, 143. Worship, 145. Spread of the movement, 147. § 3. Monastic Religion: The sources, 149. Fear of demons, 150. Attitude to dogma, 152; and the Bible, 153. The practice of prayer, 154. Consciousness of sin, 155. Visions and ecstasies, 156. Validity of church and sacrament, 158. Miracle-working monks, 160. § 4. Geographical Distribution ofMonasticism: Palestine, 163. Syria, 165. Aphrahat, 166. The Audians, 167. Messalians, i68. Ascetic extremes; Symeon Stylites, 170. The Akoimetai, 171. Asia Minor: Eustathius of Sebaste, 173. Basil the Great, 173. Constantinople, 174. The West: St. Martin, 176. The coasts, 177. Spain, 178. Africa, 178. Italy, 179. Rome, 179. Enemies of monasticism, 180. Jovinian, 180, Jerome, 182, § 5. Monastic Theorists: Symeon of Mesopotamia, 182. Liber Graduum, 190. Euagrius Ponticus, 193. Basil the Great, 197. Concluding Remark, 202. Literature ....... 203 Suggestions for Further Reading . . . 206 Index 208