Clare of Assisi and the Thirteenth-Century Church: Religious Women, Rules, and Resistance

Description

In a work based on a meticulous analysis of sources, many of them previously unexplored, Catherine M. Mooney upends the received account of Clare of Assisi's founding of the Order of San Damiano, or Poor Clares. Mooney offers instead a stark counternarrative: Clare, her sisters of San Damiano, and their allies struggled against a papal program bent on regimenting, enriching, and enclosing religious women in the thirteenth century, a program that proved largely successful. Mooney demonstrates that Clare (1194-1253) established a single community that was soon cajoled, perhaps even coerced, into joining an order previously founded by the papacy. Artfully renaming it after Clare's San Damiano with Clare as its putative mother, Pope Gregory IX enhanced his order's cachet by associating it also with Clare's famous friend, Francis of Assisi. Mooney traces how Clare and her allies in other houses attempted to follow Francis's directives rather than the pope's, divested themselves of property against the pope's orders, and organized in an attempt to change papal rule; and she shows how, after Francis's death, the women's relationships with the Franciscans themselves grew similarly fraught. Clare's pursuit of her vision proved relentless: at the time of her death, she newly identified her community as the Order of Poor Sisters and allied it unambiguously with Francis and his friars. Overturning another myth, Mooney reveals how only in the late nineteenth century did Clare come to be known as the sole author of a rule she had written collaboratively with others. Throughout, the story of Clare and her sisters emerges as a chapter in the long history of women who tried to define their religious identities within a Church more committed to unity and conformity than to diversity and difference. Contents Some Notes on Usage Preface Introduction. Religious Women in the Thirteenth-Century Church Chapter 1. Clare’s Childhood and Conversion to Religious life, 1193 to 1211 Chapter 2. The Early San Damiano: A House of Penitents, 1211 to ca. 1216 Chapter 3. The House of Penitents Becomes a Monastery, ca. 1211 to 1228 Chapter 4. Turning Point: Negotiating San Damiano’s Singularity, ca. 1226 to 1230 Chapter 5. Clare’s letters to Agnes of Prague, ca. 1234 to 1238 Chapter 6. Contested Rules, late 1230s to ca. 1246 Chapter 7. innocent iV’s Forma Vitae and its Aftermath, 1247 to 1250 Chapter 8. The 1253 Forma Vitae, ca. 1250 to 1253 Chapter 9. Clare’s last Words, ca. 1253 Appendix A. innocent iV, Cum dilecto filio, 28 October 1248 Appendix B. Rainaldo of Jenne, Etsi ea, 27 June 1250 List of Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index Acknowledgments