Control of Emissions from Marine SI and Small SI Engines, Vessels, and Equipment. Final Regulatory Impact Analysis

Description

EPA, 2008. 808 p. Assessment and Standards Division Ofice of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyContents Industry Characterization Manufacturers of Small SI Engines Manufacturers of Marine Spark-Ignition Engines Fuel System Components Air Quality, Health, and Welfare Concerns Ozone Particulate Matter Air Quality Modeling Methodology Air Toxics Carbon Monoxide Acute Exposure to Air Pollutants Emission Inventory Overview of Small Nonroad and Marine SI Engine Emissions Inventory Development Baseline Emission Inventory Estimates Contribution of Small Nonroad and Marine SI Engines to National Emissions Inventories Controlled Nonroad Small Spark-Ignition and Marine Engine Emission Inventory Development Projected Emissions Reductions from the New Standards Emission Inventories Used for Air Quality Modeling Feasibility of Exhaust Emission Control General Description of Spark-Ignition Engine Technology General Description of Exhaust Emission Control Technologies Feasibility of Small SI Engine Standards Feasibility of Outboard/Personal Watercraft Marine Engine Standards Feasibility of Sterndrive/Inboard Marine Engine Standards Feasibility of Standard for Marine Generator Sets Test Procedures Impacts on Safety, Noise, and Energy APPENDIX 4A: Normalized Modal Emissions for a 7.4 L MPI SD/I Feasibility of Evaporative Emission Control Diurnal Breathing Loss Evaporative Emissions Running Loss Emissions Fuel Tank Permeation Fuel/Vapor Hose Permeation Other Evaporative Emissions Evaporative Emission Test Procedures Impacts on Noise, Energy, and Safety APPENDIX 5A: Diurnal Temperature Traces APPENDIX 5B: Emission Results for Small SI Equipment Fuel Tanks Showing Effect of Venting on Diffusion APPENDIX 5C: Diurnal Emission Results: Canister and Passive-Purge APPENDIX 5D: Material Properties of Common Fuel System Materials APPENDIX 5E: Diurnal Test Temperature Traces Costs of Control Methodology Exhaust Emission Control Costs for Small SI Engines Exhaust Emission Control Costs for Outboard and Personal Watercraft EnginesExhaust Emission Control Costs for Sterndrive/Inboard Marine Engines Evaporative Emission Control Costs for Small SI Equipment Costs of Evaporative Emission Controls for Marine Vessels Cost Sensitivity Analysis Cost Per Ton 30-Year Net Present Value Cost effectiveness Results Cost-Benefit Analysis Overview Air Quality Impacts for Benefits Analysis PM-Related Health Benefits Estimation - Methods and Inputs Health Impact Functions Economic Values for Health Outcomes Benefits Analysis Results for the Final Standards Comparison of Costs and Benefits Appendix 8A: Sensitivity Analyses of Key Parameters in the Benefits Analysis Appendix 8B: Health-Based Cost-Effectiveness of Reductions in Ambient O3 and PM2.5Associated with the Final Small SI and Recreational Marine Engine Rule Economic Impact Analysis Overview and Results Economic Methodology EIM Data Inputs and Model Solution Methods for Describing Uncertainty Appendix 9A: Impacts on Small SI Markets Appendix 9B: Impacts on Marine SI Markets Appendix 9C: Time Series of Social Cost Appendix 9D: Overview of Model Equations and Calculation Appendix 9E: Elasticity Parameters for Economic Impact Modeling Appendix 9F: Derivation of Supply Elasticity Appendix 9G: Initial Market Equilibrium - Price Forecasts Appendix 9H: Sensitivity Analysis Small-Business Flexibility Analysis Overview of the Regulatory Flexibility Act Need for and Objective of the Rulemaking Summary of Significant Public Comments Definition and Description of Small Entities Type and Numbers of Small Entities Affected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Compliance Requirements Steps Taken to Minimize the Impact on Small Entities .Projected Economic Effects of the Rulemaking Regulatory Alternatives Identification of Alternative Program Options Cost per Engine Emission Reduction Cost Effectiveness Summary and Analysis of Alternative Program Options Appendix 11A: Emission Factors for the Less Stringent Alternative Appendix 11B: Emission Factors for the More Stringent Alternative