Global Climate Change and Human Health: From Science to Practice

Description

Learn more about the impact of global warming and climate change on human health and disease The Second Edition of Global Climate Change and Human Health delivers an accessible and comprehensive exploration of the rapidly accelerating and increasingly ubiquitous effects of climate change and global warming on human health and disease. The distinguished and accomplished authors discuss the health impacts of the economic, climatological, and geopolitical effects of global warming. You'll learn about: The effect of extreme weather events on public health and the effects of changing meteorological conditions on human healthHow changes in hydrology impact the spread of waterborne disease and noninfectious waterborne threatsAdaptation to, and the mitigation and governance of, climate change, including international perspectives on climate change adaptation Perfect for students of public health, medicine, nursing, and pharmacy, Global Climate Change and Human Health, Second Edition is an invaluable resource for anyone with an interest in the intersection of climate and human health and disease. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Foreword: Climate Change and the Pandemic The Social Injustice of the Pandemic Climate Justice Leading References Acknowledgements The Editors The Contributors Commentary on COVID-19, Climate Change, and Human Health Climate Change Exposure Pathways and COVID-19 Increasing Temperature Air Quality Concomitant Stressors Climate Change and Future Pandemics New and Emerging Pathogens Migration and Vulnerable Populations Water Crucial Turning Point References Chapter 1 Primer on Climate Science Scientific Consensus Weather, Climate Variability, Climate Change, and Scientific Theory Energy Balance Greenhouse Gases The Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potential Solar Radiation Cycles Summary Evidence of a Changing Climate Temperature Seasonal Temperature Cycles Hydrologic Cycle Sea Ice Extent, Sea Level, and Ocean Acidification Urban Heat Island Summary Projected Future Climate Changes Increasing Temperatures Extreme Heat Events Hydrologic Cycle Sea Ice Extent, Sea Level, Ocean Acidification, Glacial Extent, and Snow Cover Acknowledgment References Chapter 2 Climate-Related Disasters: The Roleof Prevention for Managing Health Risk Introduction Definition of a Climate-Related Disaster Global Incidence of CRDs Global Trends Global Trends in Disasters Global Trends in Disaster Management Global Trends in Human Development Public Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, in General The Relative Impact of CRDs Mortality Associated with CRDs Morbidity Associated with CRDs Public Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, According to Hazard Managing the Health Risk of Climate-Related Disasters Disaster Risk Management Disease Management Disease Prevention Summary References Chapter 3 Health Impacts of Extreme Heat Introduction Heat-Triggered Health Effects Heat Illness Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases Respiratory Diseases Birth Outcomes (Reproductive and Developmental Effects) Mental Health and Neurological Outcomes Infectious Diseases Other morbidity studies Mortality Indirect Health Impacts of Extreme Heat Factors Influencing Health Effects of Heat Exposure Vulnerable Populations Urban Heat Island Local Climate Occupational Exposures Adaptation, Mitigation, and Resilience Summary References Chapter 4 Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle and Waterborne Diseases Changes in Hydrology Caused by Climate Change Water Temperature Precipitation Droughts Flooding Waterborne Pathogens Sensitive to Climate Change Campylobacter Salmonella Vibrio (noncholera) Cryptosporidium Norovirus Other infectious diseases Adaptation Strategies Summary Acknowledgment Online Resources References Chapter 5 Degraded Air Quality Climate Change and Air Quality Air Pollutants Affected by Climate Change Ground-Level Ozone Particulate Matter Wildfires Aeroallergens Drought Drought Effects on Respiratory Health Coccidiomycosis and Respiratory Health Mold and Fungi Air Pollution—Vulnerable Populations Double-Whammy for People with Asthma Future Projections of Climate Change Effects on Air Pollution Mitigation: Health Benefits of Reducing Carbon Pollution and Associated Co-Pollutant Air Pollution Achieving Cleaner Air Triple Wins: Cutting Carbon Pollution and Air Pollution, and Improving Community Health Cutting Pollution with Walkable, Bikeable, Active Transit in New York City Adaptation: Climate Health Preparedness and Reducing Air Pollution Vulnerability Conclusion Online Resources References Chapter 6 Potential Risks from Cyanobacterial and Algal Blooms Introduction Toxin Producing Groups of Algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates Haptophytes Euglenoids Cyanobacteria Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Toxins How Will Climate Change Affect Algal and Cyanobacterial Blooms and Toxins? Temperature and Nutrients Polar Marine Environments and Algal Blooms Dust Storms, Deserts and Winds Long-Term Solutions and Remediation Emerging Questions and Conclusions References Chapter 7 Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, and Public Health: The Plant Biology Perspective Introduction Direct Consequences Aeroallergens Contact Dermatitis Physical Contact Toxicology Indirect Consequences Food Security Pharmacology Air Quality Pesticide Use Uncertainties and Research Priorities Aerobiology and Public Health Contact Dermatitis Toxicology Food Security Conclusion References Chapter 8 Climate and Its Impacts on Vector-Borne Diseases Arboviruses Aedes Mosquito Vector Ae. aegypti and albopictus Vector Distribution Globally Climate Impact on Arbovirus Transmission Climate Change and Arbovirus Risk Malaria Etiology/Disease in Humans Anopheles Vector Distribution Climate Change and Malaria Risk Lyme Disease in the United States Etiology Linkages to the Climate Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 9 Food Systems Transformation: Toward Sustainable and Healthy Diets for All Overview Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Food Security and Malnutrition Impacts on Food Security Impacts on Malnutrition CO2 and Nutritional Quality Vulnerability to Climate Impacts on Food Insecurity and Malnutrition Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases and Emerging Risks Integrated Multisectoral Adaptation for Malnutrition Transformation of the Food System Access to Health, Nutrition Services, and Healthy Environments Nutrition-Sensitive Social Protection Early Warning Systems to Prevent Adverse Effects on Malnutrition Nutrition-Sensitive Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Cross-Cutting Factors of Successful Climate Resilient Pathways to Address Malnutrition Women’s Empowerment Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems and Dietary Patterns Co-Benefits of Healthy and Sustainable Diets Food System Transformation Conclusions References Chapter 10 Climate Change and Population Mental Health Overview Climate Change Effect on Mental Health: Mechanisms High Ambient Temperature and Heatwaves Natural Disasters Forced Migration Economics, Geopolitics, and Violent Conflict Physical Health A Disproportionate Burden Common Causes of Climate Change and Mental Health Conclusion References Chapter 11 Worker Health Introduction Hazards Increased Ambient Temperature Air Pollution Ultraviolet Exposure Extreme Weather and Natural Disasters Vector-Borne Diseases, Expanded Habitats, and Pests Industrial Transitions and Emerging Industries Migrant Workers and Climate Change Adaptation and Response Worker, Family, and Societal Burden Increased Health Care and Workers’ Compensation Costs Worksite and Public Health Interventions Lost Work Days and Lower Productivity Worker Well-Being Conclusions References Chapter 12 Women’s Health and Climate Change: The Impact of Gender Introduction Direct Health Impacts of Climate Change on Women Temperature Air Quality Climate-Related Disasters and Forced Migration Food Insecurity Water Scarcity Infectious Diseases and Vector-Borne Illness The Role of Women and Gender in Climate Change Policy and Planning Summary References Chapter 13 Climate Modeling for Health Impacts Greenhouse Gases and Radiative Forcing What Is a Global Climate Model? Global Climate Models and Global Change Science Summary and Closing Remarks References Chapter 14 Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessments: New Approaches and Tools for Adaptation Planning Introduction The Role of Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments in Preparing for Climate Change Impacts on Health What Are the Benefits of Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments? Methods for Undertaking a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment The Path Forward: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Undertaking Future Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments Assessing New Risks to Health The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments What Can Indigenous Knowledge Bring to Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments? How Can Indigenous Knowledge Be Included in Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments? What Constitutes Meaningful Inclusion of IK? Summary References Chapter 15 Climate Change Health Impact Projections:Looking into the Future A Conceptual Overview of Climate Change Health Impact Projections Modeling The Role of GCM Projections The Role of Scenarios Characterization of Projected Exposures Choosing and Quantifying Exposure–Outcome Associations Projecting Health Impacts of Extreme Weather Events Comparisons and the Counterfactual Merging Data Streams in the Climate Change Health Impact Model Climate Change Health Impact Projections in the Health Literature Characterization of Risk Frontiers in Climate Change Health Impact Projection Summary References Chapter 16 Protecting Environmental Justice Communities from the Detrimental Impacts of Climate Change Introduction Climate Resiliency and Environmental Justice Cumulative Impacts, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change Air Quality, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change Heat Waves, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change Extreme Weather Events and Environmental Justice Evacuation Impacts Recovery Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico Indigenous Rights and Climate Change Next Steps Summary References and Further Reading Chapter 17 Climate Change Communication Introduction Public Understanding of Climate Change and Principles of Climate Change Communication Communicating the Impacts of Climate Change Communicating Climate Change through a Focus on Public Health Summary References and Further Reading Chapter 18 International Perspective on ClimateChange Adaptation Introduction Historical Perspective International Framework for Adaptation Assessing Adaptation Needs and Options NAPAs and NAPs Adaptation Options Incremental Adaptation: Improving Public Health Functions Transitional Adaptation Costs of Adaptation and/or of Inaction Co-benefits of Health Adaptation Strategies Summary References Chapter 19 Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation Strategies Introduction Climate Mitigation Estimating the Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation Modeling the Health Effects of Mitigation Estimation Challenges Climate Mitigation Health Co-Benefits by Sector Electricity and Energy Generation Transportation Food and Agriculture Reproductive Health and Other Areas Challenges and Considerations Summary References Chapter 20 International Institutions and GlobalGovernance on Climate Change Introduction Challenges to Creating Effective Health-Climate Policies International Governance Structures Addressing Climate Mitigation Mitigation: Carbon-Related Strategies Mitigation: Non-Carbon-Related Strategies and Short-Lived Climate Pollutants An Introduction to Legal Instruments Relevant to the Health-Climate Nexus Mitigation: Both Carbon and Non-Carbon-Related Strategies The Kyoto Protocol and Post-Kyoto Negotiations The Paris Agreement Mitigation: Non-Carbon-Related Strategies Climate Negotiations: What Is It Like to Be in the Room? Conclusion References and Further Reading Chapter 21 Climate Change and the Right to Health Introduction What Are Human Rights? What Is the Right to Health? Climate Crisis Impacts on the Right to Health Unjust Disparities Human Rights-Based Approaches to the Climate Crisis Identification of Relevant Laws, Norms, and Standards Ensuring People’s Fundamental Entitlements to Dignity, Equality, and Nondiscrimination Participation Accountability International Assistance and Cooperation Respect, Protect, and Fulfill All Human Rights Progressive Realization Obligations of Immediate Effect Available, Accessible, Acceptable, and Good Quality (AAAQ) Health Services, Goods, and Facilities Strengthening Health Systems Summary References Chapter 22 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Overview Climate-Related Disasters and Their Impacts The 2015 United Nations Landmark Agreements Description of 2015 UN Landmark Agreements The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction Global Targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 WHO’s Role in the Implementation of the Sendai Framework Roles and Responsibilities of Health Care Professionals in Implementing the Sendai Framework for Climate Change Adaptation Summary References Chapter 23 Climate Change and Forced Migration Introduction The Decision to Migrate Climate Change and Migration: A Geographic Perspective International Frameworks and Conventions Governing Forced Migrant Protection Climate Change Risks and Forced Migration Food Security Water Availability Land Availability: Sea Level Rise and Desertification Extreme Climate Events Infectious Disease Summary Online Resources References Chapter 24 Valuing Climate Change Impacts on Human Health Introduction: Why Do We Value the Climate Change Impacts on Human Health? Economic Valuation: How Do We Value the Climate Change Impacts on Human Health? Health Impact Functions Benefit-Cost vs. Cost-Effectiveness Analyses Benefit Estimates Monetizing Mortality and Morbidity Discounting Economic Models: Projecting Future Climate Damages Challenges Modeling Approaches Examples of Health Damage Estimates from Climate Change Extreme Temperatures Air Quality Food, Water, and Vector-Borne Health Risks Summary and Regional Variations Summary References Chapter 25 Health Care System Resilience Introduction Definitions Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Health Care Systems Tropical Cyclones Wildfires Flooding Extreme Heat Natural Systems and Resources Sea Level Rise Water Scarcity International Frameworks for Health Care System Resilience WHO Operational Framework for Building Climate-Resilient Health Systems Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) The UNFCCC Nairobi Work Programme and National Adaptation Plans Green and Resilient Health Care Case Studies Economics and Equity: Closing the Gaps in Health System Resilience in Low-Income Countries Research Needs Summary References Chapter 26 Health Professional Climate Engagement Introduction Social Movements The Special Challenge of Climate Change Stories of Success: Historical Social Movements Why Health Professionals Should Advocate for Climate Solutions Advocacy within the Health Care Sector Why Start with the Health Care Sector? Health Care’s Responsibility Why Is the Health Care Sector Influential? Health Care’s Opportunity How Health Professionals Can Engage within Their Health Care Facility Clinically Sustainable Health Care Health Professional Leadership for Broader Social Change Advocating with Policymakers Effective Communication with Policymakers Amplifying the Voice of the Health Professional Leveraging the Media to Amplify the Message Traditional Media Outreach Just Show Up Social Media Individual Climate Action Encouraging Trends Climate Change in Health Program Curricula Medical Society and Health Organization Leadership State Health Professional Climate Advocacy Civil Disobedience Fossil Fuel Divestment Hospital and Health System Leadership Summary Online Resources References Chapter 27 Specific Impacts upon Human Health Introduction Cardiovascular Disease Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Infarction, and Cardiac Arrest Atrial Fibrillation Respiratory Disease Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pneumonia Coccidiomycosis Pneumonic Plague Pulmonary Hantavirus Renal Disease Acute Kidney Injury Global Warming Nephropathy, Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin (CKDu), and Mesoamerican Nephropathy Nephrolithiasis Urinary Tract Infections Neurologic Disease Stroke Dementia Konzo and Neurolathyrism Ciguatera Reproductive Health and Disease Birth Anomalies, Preterm Delivery, and Fetal Death Sexual Violence and Domestic Violence Access to Women’s Health Care Ocular Disease Retinal Detachment Cataracts Ocular Infectious Disease Hematology and Oncology Malignancy Psychiatric Disease Suicide Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Medication Safety Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Depression Anxiety Dermatologic Disease Cutaneous Infections Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Skin Cancer Gastrointestinal Disease Gastroenteritis Hepatitis A Intestinal Schistosomiasis Endocrine Disease Diabetes Multisystem Heat-Related Illness Heat Exhaustion Heatstroke Infectious Disease, Immunology, and Toxicology Summary References Chapter 28 Climate Change and Loss of Biodiversity Introduction Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Loss Historical Perspective Biodiversity Loss in the Twenty-First Century Marine and Coastal Ecosystems Polar Ocean Ecosystems Tropical Ocean Ecosystems Coastal Ecosystems Rainforest Ecosystems Desert Ecosystems Mountain Ecosystems Summary References Chapter 29 Ecosystem Services What Are Ecosystem Services? How Does Climate Change Affect Ecosystem Services that Have an Impact on Human Health? Provisioning Services Regulating Services Cultural Services Ecosystem Solutions that Reduce Climate Change Impacts on Human Health Summary References Chapter 30 Climate Change and Health in Alaska: How Do Things Compare with the “Lower 48”? Introduction Environmental Change in Alaska How Is Alaska Different from the Contiguous United States? Climate-Related Health Impacts in Alaska Accidents and Injuries due to Changing Winter Conditions Air Quality Impacts Food Safety, Nutrition, and Distribution Vector-Borne Disease Emerging Zoonotic Diseases Mental Health and Well-Being Temperature-Related Death and Illness Water-Related Shortages and Illnesses OneHealth: An Alaskan Framework for Addressing the Health Impacts of Climate Change Surveillance for Climate-Related Exposures and Health Outcomes in Alaska Climate Adaptation Planning in Alaska Next Steps in Addressing Climate and Health in Alaska Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 31 The Global Energy Transition and Public Health in a Changing Climate Introduction Current Trends in Global Energy Supply The Energy Transition and Climate Change Global Energy Poverty and the SDGs Clean Energy Transitions and Health Conclusion References Loss of the World’s Coral Reefs and What It Means for Human Health and Well-Being: Threats to Seafood Security, Nutrition, Disease Risk, Physical Hazards, and Livelihoods Key Concepts Introduction Summary Key Terms References The Nurses Climate Challenge: A Model for Health Professional Climate Action Key Concepts Climate Affects Health The Nurses Climate Challenge Diversity, Breadth, and Depth Lessons Learned and Growing the Challenge References Glossary Index EULA