Pharaoh’s Flowers The Botanical Treasures of Tutankhamun

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Pharaoh’s Flowers: The Botanical Treasures of Tutankhamun, 2nd Edition Reina Contents Preface Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Acknowledgements Chronological Chart of Ancient Egypt Map of Ancient Egypt Plan of the Tomb Diagram of the Shrines and Coffins Introduction The Life of Tutankhamun The Discovery of Tutankhamun’s Treasures The Identification of Tutankhamun’s Plant Material Archaeobotanical techniques Some archaeological traps Living seeds? 1 Flowers and Leaves Finds from the Tomb Stick bouquets Floral garlands and collars A garden scene with floral bouquets Lotus and papyrus motifs Plant Species Anthemis pseudocotula Apium graveolens Centaurea depressa Mandragora officinarum (including M. autumnalis) Mimusops laurifolia (synonym M. schimperi) Nymphaea caerulea Nymphaea lotus Olea europaea Papaver rhoeas Picris asplenioides (synonym P. coronopifolia) Salix mucronata (synonym S. safsaf) Withania somnifera 2 Oils, Resins and Perfumes Finds from the Tomb Oils Resins and incense Perfumes Adhesives Mummification materials Plant Species Acacia species Balanites aegyptiaca Boswellia species Commiphora gileadensis (synonym Balsamodendron opobalsamum) Commiphora myrrha Lawsonia inermis Lilium candidum Moringa peregrina (synonym M. aptera) Pinus species Pistacia species Ricinus communis Sesamum indicum 3 Papyrus, Flax and other Fibrous Plants Finds from the Tomb Papyrus writing material Pen-cases and writing outfits Papyrus boats Flax, linen and dyes Baskets and mats Sandals String and ropes Plant Species Carthamus tinctorius Cyperus papyrus Desmostachya bipinnata Imperata cylindrica Juncus arabicus Linum usitatissimum Phragmites australis (synonym P. communis) Rubia tinctorum Typha domingensis (synonym T. australis) 4 Trees and Wooden Objects Finds from the Tomb The golden shrines and coffins Thrones, chairs and stools Beds and couches Caskets and boxes Chariots Model ships Wooden bows and reed arrows Throw-sticks, batons and clubs Tree Species Abies cilicica Betula pendula Cedrus libani Cupressus sempervirens Dalbergia melanoxylon Fraxinus species Liquidambar orientalis Quercus aegilops Tamarix aphylla Ulmus minor 5 Food and Drink Finds from the Tomb Fruits, nuts and seeds Honey Wine and wine-jars Vegetables, herbs and spices Cereals A model granary Bread An Osiris bed Beer Plant Species Allium sativum Cicer arietinum Citrullus lanatus (synonym C. vulgaris) Cocculus hirsutus Coriandrum sativum Ficus sycomorus Grewia tenax (synonym G. populifolia) Hordeum vulgare Hyphaene thebaica Juniperus species Lens culinaris (synonym L. esculenta) Nigella sativa Phoenix dactylifera Prunus dulcis (synonyms P. amygdalus or Amygdalus communis) Punica granatum Thymbra spicata Trigonella foenum-graecum Triticum dicoccum Vitis vinifera Ziziphus spina-christi Further Reading Plant List with selected references Books cited Plant Species Books on Tutankhamun Egyptology and Plants: introductory Egyptology and Plants: technical Incense History of Food and Farming Web Resources Glossary Bible References Index