Satellite Communications Payload and System (Wiley - IEEE)

Description

SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS PAYLOAD AND SYSTEM A valuable reference on communications satellite systems This book presents the state of the art in commercial communications satellite systems, thoroughly and in detail not to be found in any other book. These systems provide the television and some of the telephone and Internet services in use every day. The book focuses on the satellite payload, which consists of antennas, receivers, and transmitters. The book discusses the what, the how, and the why of various choices that have been made in currently operating systems. The book is organized into three parts: In-depth description of various payload units, not requiring specialist knowledge. For each unit and the payload as a whole, the architectures, the theory of operation, analysis, performance, and specifications are presented.End-to-end system context in which the payload operates. Digital communications theory and satellite communications protocols are introduced. The time-varying properties of satellite-to-ground links are explored. Tips on system simulation are given.Current commercial end-to-end satellite communications systems, in their grand variety. Emphasis is placed on the satellite payload and its interactions with the satellite bus, ground stations, and user terminals. The second edition adds the third part of the book. Payload unit descriptions have been updated and enlarged. The communications theory chapter has been upgraded and the protocols chapter added to briefly describe all the elements mentioned in part 3. Non-geostationary satellite considerations have been included throughout the book. If you are a payload systems engineer, this book can serve as a valuable tool for expanding your knowledge base. If you’re a graduate student, it will guide your introductory learning. As an industry professional, you can make this book a go-to reference. COVER TITLE PAGE COPYRIGHT PAGE CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 End-to-End Satellite Communications System 1.2 What the Book is About 1.3 Channel and Channel Sharing 1.4 Payload 1.5 Ground Transmitter and Ground Receiver 1.6 System Example 1.7 Conventions 1.8 Book Sources 1.9 Summary of Rest of Book References PART I PAYLOAD CHAPTER 2 PAYLOADfS ON-ORBIT ENVIRONMENT 2.1 What Determines Environment 2.2 On-Orbit Environment and Mitigation by Spacecraft Bus 2.3 General Effects of Mitigated Environment on Payload References CHAPTER 3 ANTENNA BASICS AND SINGLE-BEAM ANTENNA 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Examples of Single-Beam Antenna 3.3 General Antenna Concepts 3.4 Reflector-Antenna Basics 3.5 Steerable Single-Beam Antennas 3.6 Reflector Technology for Single-Beam Antennas 3.7 Horn for Single-Beam Antennas 3.8 Other Antenna Components 3.9 Antenna Pointing Error 3.10 Antenna Autotrack 3.11 Reflector-Antenna Inefficiencies 3.12 Testing References CHAPTER 4 PAYLOAD-INTEGRATION ELEMENTS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Coaxial Cable Versus Waveguide 4.3 Coaxial Cable 4.4 Waveguide 4.5 Other Integration Elements 4.6 Redundancy Configurations 4.7 Impedance Mismatch and Scattering Parameters References CHAPTER 5 MICROWAVE FILTER 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basics of Analog Filters 5.3 Basics of Specifically Microwave Filters 5.4 Technology for Bandpass Filters 5.5 Filter Units 5.6 Bandpass Filter Specification References CHAPTER 6 LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIER AND FREQUENCY CONVERTER 6.1 Introduction 6.2 LNAs and Frequency Converters in Payload 6.3 Nonlinearity of LNA and Frequency Converter 6.4 Noise Figure 6.5 Low-Noise Amplifier 6.6 Frequency Converter 6.7 Receiver 6.A Appendix. Formula for Integrating Phase Noise Spectrum References CHAPTER 7 PREAMPLIFIER AND HIGH-POWER AMPLIFIER 7.1 Introduction 7.2 HPA Concepts and Terms 7.3 Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifier Versus Solid-State Power Amplifier 7.4 Traveling-Wave Tube Subsystem 7.5 Solid-State Power Amplifier References CHAPTER 8 PAYLOADfS ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS PARAMETERS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Gain Variation with Frequency 8.3 Phase Variation with Frequency 8.4 Channel Bandwidth 8.5 Phase Noise 8.6 Frequency Stability 8.7 Spurious Signals from Frequency Converter 8.8 HPA Nonlinearity 8.9 Near-Carrier Spurious Signals from HPA Subsystem 8.10 Stability of Gain and Power-Out 8.11 Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power 8.12 Figure of Merit G/Ts 8.13 Saturation Flux Density 8.14 Self-Interference 8.15 Passive Intermodulation Products 8.A Appendices References CHAPTER 9 MORE ANALYSES FOR PAYLOAD DEVELOPMENT 9.1 Introduction 9.2 How to Deal with Noise Figure 9.3 How to Make and Maintain Payload Performance Budgets 9.4 HPA Topics 9.5 What Nonlinearity does to Modulated Signal 9.6 Simulating Payload Performance as a Function of Gaussian Random Variables References CHAPTER 10 PROCESSING PAYLOAD AND FLEXIBLE PAYLOAD 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Processing Operations 10.3 Non-Regenerative Processing Payloads 10.4 Regenerative Payloads 10.5 Communications Parameters of Digital Processing Payload References CHAPTER 11 MULTI-BEAM ANTENNA AND PHASED ARRAY 11.1 Introduction 11.2 MBA Introduction 11.3 Reflector for MBA or Contoured Beam and Configuration of Feeds 11.4 Horn and Feed Assembly for GEO 11.5 Location of Radiating Elements in Offset-Fed Reflector MBA 11.6 Single-Feed-Per-Beam MBA 11.7 Phased Array Introduction 11.8 Radiating Element of Phased Array 11.9 Beam-Forming Network 11.10 Applications of Phased Array 11.11 Beam-Hopping 11.12 Amplification of Phased Array 11.13 Phased Array Pointing Error 11.14 Mutual Coupling in Radiating-Element Cluster 11.15 Testing MBA References PART II END-TO-END SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM CHAPTER 12 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS THEORY 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Signal Representation 12.3 Filtering in General 12.4 White Gaussian Noise 12.5 End-To-End Communications System 12.6 Bit Manipulation 12.7 Modulation Introduction 12.8 Memoryless Modulation 12.9 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation 12.10 Demodulation for Memoryless Modulation 12.11 Modulation with Memory 12.12 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Estimation 12.13 Demodulation for Modulation with Memory 12.14 Bit Recovery 12.15 Inter-Symbol Interference 12.16 SNR, Es/N0, and Eb/N0 12.A Sketch of Proof that Pulse Transform and Signal Spectrum areRelated for Memoryless Modulation References CHAPTER 13 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Background 13.3 Application Examples of First-Generation Standards 13.4 Second-Generation DVB Communications Standards 13.5 Satmode Communications Standard References CHAPTER 14 COMMUNICATIONS LINK 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Primary Information Sources 14.3 Link Availability 14.4 Signal Power on Link 14.5 Noise Level on Link 14.6 Interference on Link 14.7 End-To-End C/(N0 + I0) 14.8 Link Budget 14.9 Implementation Loss Item in Link Budget References CHAPTER 15 PROBABILISTIC TREATMENT OF DOWNLINK MARGIN FOR MULTI-BEAM PAYLOAD 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Multi-Beam-Downlink Payload Specifications 15.3 Analysis Method 15.4 Analysis Assumptions 15.5 Repeater-Caused Variation of C and C/Iself and Nominal Value 15.6 Combining Antenna-Caused Variation and Nominal Value into Repeater-Caused Variation 15.7 Combining Atmosphere-Caused Variation into Payload-Caused Variation 15.8 Optimizing Multi-Beam-Downlink Payload Specified on Link Availability 15.9 Appendix. Iteration Details for Optimizing Multi-Beam Payload Specified on Link Availability CHAPTER 16 MODEL OF END-TO-END COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Considerations for Both Software Simulation and Hardware Emulation 16.3 Additional Considerations for Simulation 16.4 Additional Considerations for Emulation References PART III SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS CHAPTER 17 FIXED AND BROADCAST SATELLITE SERVICES 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Satellite Television 17.3 Regulations in General 17.4 Fixed Satellite Service 17.5 Broadcast Satellite Service References CHAPTER 18 HIGH-THROUGHPUT SATELLITES 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Frequency and Bandwidth 18.3 Residential Internet HTS 18.4 VSAT Services HTS References CHAPTER 19 NON-GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE SYSTEMS 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Iridium 19.3 Globalstar 19.4 O3B 19.5 OneWeb 19.6 Starlink 19.7 Telesat LEO References CHAPTER 20 MOBILE SATELLITE SYSTEMS IN GEO 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Thuraya 20.3 Inmarsat-4 and Alphasat 20.4 Terrestar/Echostar XXI 20.5 Skyterra 20.6 Inmarsat-5 (Global Xpress) F1-F4 References APPENDICES INDEX EULA