Poisonous Plants and Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery

Description

Focusing on phytochemicals and their potential for drug discovery, this book offers a comprehensive resource on poisonous plants and their applications in chemistry and in pharmacology. Provides a comprehensive resource on phytotoxins, covering historical perspectives, modern applications, and their potential in drug discovery - Covers the mechanisms, benefits, risks and management protocols of phytotoxins in a scientific laboratory and the usefulness in drug discovery   - Written and edited by leading researchers in phytochemistry, medicinal chemistry, analytical chemistry, toxicology, and more   - Presents chapters in a carefully designed, clear order, making it an ideal resource for the academic researcher or the industry professional at any stage in their career Provides a comprehensive resource on phytotoxins, covering historical perspectives, modern applications, and their potential in drug discoveryCovers the mechanisms, benefits, risks and management protocols of phytotoxins in a scientific laboratory and the usefulness in drug discoveryPresents chapters in a carefully designed, clear order, making it an ideal resource for the academic researcher or the industry professional at any stage in their career Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors List of Figures Listof Tables Preface Editors Chapter 1 Historical Use of Toxic Plants 1.1 Introduction to Toxic Plants 1.2 Poisonous Plants as Sources of Traditional and Modern Medicines 1.3 Toxic Plants and Justice 1.3.1 Toxic Plants in Capital Punishment 1.3.2 Trial by Ordeal 1.4 Toxic Plants in Poisoned Weapons 1.4.1 Arrow Poisons 1.5 Plant Fishing Poisons/Piscicides/Ichthyotoxins 1.6 Poisonous Plants as Food 1.7 Poisonous Plants as Biopesticides 1.8 Toxic Psychoactive Plants for Recreational and Religious Purposes 1.9 Poisonous Plants in Warfare and Bioterrorism 1.10 Poisonous Plants as Carcinogens and Teratogens 1.11 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Classification of Phytotoxins and their Mechanisms of Action 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Endophytic Phytotoxins 2.1.2 Secondary Metabolites 2.2 Possible Categorization 2.2.1 Biological Characteristics 2.2.2 Chemical Characteristics 2.3 Currently Available Classification Tools 2.4 Role of Phytotoxin Classification 2.4.1 Drug Discovery 2.4.2 Environmental Monitoring 2.4.3 Phytotoxins, Aquatic Life, and Water Quality 2.4.4 Air Contamination 2.4.5 Food Contamination 2.4.6 Security and Safety Services 2.4.7 Agricultural 2.5 Brief Mechanisms of Action 2.6 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Poisonous Plants as Sources of Anticancer and Other Drugs 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Poisonous Plants in the Treatment of Cancer and Other Diseases 3.3 Poisonous Plant-Based Anticancer Drugs that are on the Market 3.4 Poisonous Plant-Based Drugs Against Other Diseases that are on the Market 3.5 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Drugs in Clinical Practice from Toxic Plants and Phytochemicals 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Drugs in Clinical Practice from Toxic Plants 4.2.1 Curare 4.2.2 Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System 4.2.2.1 Morphine 4.2.2.2 Cocaine 4.2.2.3 Ergot Alkaloids 4.2.3 Atropine, Scopolamine, and Hyoscyamine 4.2.4 Physostigmine and Other Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 4.2.5 Antitumor Agents 4.2.5.1 Podophyllotoxin and Etoposide 4.2.5.2 Taxanes 4.2.5.3 Vincristine and Vinblastine 4.2.6 Other Drugs 4.2.6.1 Cardiac Glycosides 4.2.6.2 Colchicine 4.2.6.3 Coumarins 4.2.6.4 Nicotine and the Neonicotinoids References Chapter 5 Toxicology and Health Benefits of Plant Alkaloids 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Pharmacological Properties of Alkaloids 5.3 Toxicological Properties of Alkaloids 5.4 Acute and Chronic Toxicities 5.4.1 Genotoxicity and Tumorigenicity 5.4.2 Lung Toxicity, Neurotoxicity, and Teratogenicity 5.5 Factors that Influence the Toxicological Profile of Alkaloids 5.6 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Chemical and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Plant-Derived Neurotoxins 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nerve Agents 6.3 Chemical Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity Induced by Organophosphate Nerve Agents 6.4 Mustards 6.4.1 Effect of HD on Skin 6.4.2 Effect of HD on Other Organs 6.4.3 The Activation of HD 6.4.4 Mechanism of Action 6.5 Plant Natural Neurotoxins 6.6 Plant Glycosides 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Phytosedatives for Drug Discovery 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Treatment of Neuropsychological Disorders: The Current Scenario 7.3 Phytosedatives: Desirable Alternatives to Synthesized Drugs 7.4 Different Classes of Phytosedatives 7.4.1 Flavonoids 7.4.2 Alkaloids 7.4.3 Essential Oils 7.4.4 Other Classes of Phytosedatives 7.5 Plants with Reported Sedative Actions 7.6 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Mushroom Species and Classification: Bioactives in Poisonous and Edible Mushrooms 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Classification of Mushrooms 8.2.1 Edible Mushrooms 8.2.2 Non-Edible Mushrooms 8.3 Bioactive Agents in Mushroom Species 8.4 Bioactive Agents in Non-Edible Mushroom Species 8.4.1 Polysaccharides 8.4.2 Glucans 8.4.3 Polysaccharide–Protein Complexes 8.4.4 Terpenes 8.4.5 Phenolic Compounds 8.4.6 Peptides and Proteins 8.5 Other Bioactive Compounds of Mushroom Species 8.6 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Toxicity Protocols for Natural Products in the Drug Development Process 9.1 Introduction 9.2 In Vitro Toxicity Testing for Natural Products 9.2.1 Cell Culture Method for Toxicity Testing 9.2.2 Cell Culture for Acute Toxicology Testing 9.3 Methods Used for In Vitro Toxicity Studies 9.3.1 MTT Assay 9.3.2 Neutral Red Uptake Assay 9.3.3 Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay 9.4 In Vitro Models for Liver Toxicity 9.5 In Vitro Models for Nephrotoxicity Studies 9.6 In Vitro Model for Dermal Toxicity Testing 9.7 Mutagenicity Testing In Vitro 9.7.1 Bacterial Cell System 9.8 Reproductive and Teratogenicity Studies In Vitro 9.9 In Vivo Toxicity Testing of Natural Products 9.9.1 Acute Toxicity Testing 9.9.2 Subchronic Toxicity Testing 9.9.3 Chronic Toxicity Testing 9.9.4 Dermal and Ocular Toxicity 9.9.5 Toxicity Testing for Fertility and Reproduction 9.9.6 Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with Reproduction/Developmental Testing 9.9.7 In Vivo Carcinogenicity Testing 9.10 Conclusion References Chapter 10 Quality Control for the Safety of Natural Products 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Quality Assurance of Herbal Products 10.3 Methods of Quality Control for Herbal Products 10.3.1 DNA-Based Technologies 10.3.2 Good Practice Guidelines 10.3.3 Chemoprofiling 10.3.4 Toxicology 10.3.5 Monographs and Pharmacopeias 10.3.6 Preclinical Evidence of Safety and Efficacy 10.3.7 Systems Biology 10.3.8 Animal Experimentation 10.3.9 Clinical Evidence of Safety and Efficacy 10.4 WHO Guidelines for Quality Standardization of Herbal Formulations 10.4.1 Quality Control of Crude Material 10.4.2 Identity of Plant Material 10.4.3 Safety Assessment and Documentation 10.5 Concept of Validation in Herbal Products 10.6 Challenges Related to Quality Control and Monitoring the Safety of Herbal Products References Chapter 11 Secondary Metabolites and Toxins of Microbial Origin for the Treatment of Diseases 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Antimicrobial Agents from Microbial Sources 11.3 Antifungal Agents from Microbial Sources 11.4 Anticancer Agents from Microbial Sources 11.5 Hypocholesterolemic Agents from Microbial Sources 11.6 Immunosuppressants from Microbial Sources 11.7 Enzyme Inhibitors from Microbial Sources 11.8 Antiparasitic Agents from Microbial Sources 11.9 Recent Advances in Drug Discovery from Microbial Sources References Chapter 12 Development of Phyto-Antidotes Against Adverse Chemical Agents 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Heavy Metals and their Effects on the Body 12.3 Detoxification Properties of Biologically Active Substances of Plant-Based Foods 12.3.1 Pectins 12.3.2 Phytin 12.3.3 Betalains 12.3.4 Phytochelatins 12.3.5 Ellagic Acid 12.3.6 Miscellaneous 12.4 Current State of Clinical Application of Phyto-Antidotes 12.5 Further Prospects in the Search for Promising Phyto-Antidotes 12.6 Conclusions References Chapter 13 Nanoformulated Herbal Drug Delivery as Efficient Antidotes Against Systemic Poisons 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Herbal Phytochemicals as Antidotes for Systemic Poisons 13.2.1 Herbal Phytochemicals as Antidotes for Heavy Metal Poisoning 13.2.2 Herbal Phytochemicals as Antidotes for Snake Venom Poisoning 13.3 Nanoformulated Herbal Phytochemicals as Antidotes 13.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 13.3.2 Micelles and Liposomes 13.3.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles 13.4 Mechanism of Nanoformulated Herbal Phytochemicals against Systemic Poisoning 13.5 Future Perspectives 13.6 Conclusion References Chapter 14 Phytochemical-Based Nanoparticles as Foes and Friends 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Phytochemicals Used in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles 14.3 Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nanoparticles 14.4 Wound-Healing Effects of Nanoparticles 14.5 Antiparasitic, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities of Nanoparticles 14.6 Neuroprotective Effects of Nanoparticles 14.7 Cardioprotective Effects of Nanoparticles 14.8 Anticancer Effects of Nanoparticles 14.9 Advantages of Nanoparticles 14.10 Disadvantages of Nanoparticles 14.11 Conclusion and Future Directions References Chapter 15 Application of Metabolomics in Emergency Phytochemical Poisoning and Remediation 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants 15.3 Natural Products: Safety and Toxicity 15.3.1 Safety 15.3.2 Toxicity and Natural Killers 15.4 Biological Systems in Phytochemical Poisoning and Remediation 15.5 Metabolomics: An Important Functional Genomics Tool 15.5.1 Essential Components of a Metabolomics Workflow 15.5.2 Sample Preparation 15.5.3 Analytical Methods in Metabolomics 15.5.4 Metabolite Identification 15.5.5 Data Processing and Analysis 15.5.6 Pathway Analysis 15.6 Assessment of Toxicity of Herbal Medicines Using Metabolomics 15.7 Application of Metabolomics in Emergency Phytochemical Poisoning and Remediation 15.7.1 Hepatotoxicity of Triptolide 15.7.2 Hepatotoxicity of Noscapine 15.8 Conclusion References Chapter 16 Methods for the Detection and Identification of Phytotoxins 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Phytotoxins 16.2.1 Importance of Toxins 16.3 Methods Generally Used for Phytotoxin Detection 16.3.1 Biological Method Review of Detecting Phytotoxins 16.3.2 Chemical and Microbiological Reagents 16.4 Protease Inhibition Detection Protocol 16.4.1 Exposure of the Protease Detection Plate to a Protease Inhibitor or Bacterial Growth (Step 1) 16.4.2 Exposure to a Protease-Containing Solution (Step 2) 16.4.3 Detecting Zones of Protease Inhibition (Step 3) 16.5 Isolation of Phytotoxins from Microorganisms 16.5.1 Detection of Phytotoxins Isolated from Fungi 16.5.2 Purification of the Extracted Phytotoxins 16.6 Conclusion References Chapter 17 Categorization, Management, and Regulation of Potentially Weaponizable Toxic Plants 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Management of Weaponized Natural Food Agents 17.3 Techniques Used for Extraction, Segregation, and Decontamination of Phytochemicals 17.3.1 Solvent-Based Extraction of Phenolic Compounds 17.3.2 Microwave-Associated Extraction 17.3.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction 17.4 Techniques for Identification of Bioactive Compounds 17.4.1 Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy 17.4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 17.4.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 17.4.4 Mass Spectrometry 17.5 Types of Natural Phytotoxins 17.5.1 Aquatic Biotoxins 17.5.2 Glycosides 17.5.3 Other Common Phytotoxins 17.6 Conclusion References Chapter 18 In Silico Modeling as a Tool to Predict and Characterize Plant Toxicity 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Components of In Silico Toxicity Methods 18.2.1 Databases 18.2.2 Molecular Descriptors 18.2.3 Toxicity Models and Modeling Software 18.2.4 Simulation Packages 18.3 Modeling Methods 18.4 Structural Alerts/Rule Based 18.5 Statistical Structure-Based Activity Relationship Models 18.5.1 Read-Across 18.6 Conclusion References Index EULA