Bamboo Fibres: Processing, Properties and Applications

Description

Bamboo Fibres: Processing, Properties, and Applications brings together best practices from key stages of bamboo production and application, allowing readers to find new solutions for bamboo fibers. Chapters on bamboo fiber characterization and properties show the full range of functional uses of the material. When used as a replacement for petrochemical-based synthetic fibers, this abundant and cheap material/textile can significantly reduce the environmental impact of textile products. This book is an invaluable resource for fiber chemists, material scientists, fabric technologists, manufacturers, and researchers interested in sustainable textiles. Bamboo fiber is a cellulosic fibre regenerated from the bamboo plant. It is highly sustainable being fully biodegradable and has strength comparable to conventional glass fibers. It has many other valuable characteristics, being bacteriostatic, antifungal, antibacterial, hypoallergenic, hydroscopic, a natural deodorizer, and resistant to ultraviolet light. Furthermore, it is highly durable, stable and tough and has substantial tensile strength. Due to its versatile properties, bamboo fibers are already used in the textile industry to make garments, in biomedical applications due to its antibacterial qualities, and many other areas. Bamboo Fibres Introduction Foreword Copyright Contents About the authors eight Chemical processing of bamboo and bamboo products 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Chemical processing of bamboo products 8.1.2 Chemical treatment of bamboo 8.1.2.1 Effect of alkali on bamboo 8.1.2.2 Bleaching of bamboo fibres 8.1.2.3 Bleaching with sodium hypochlorite 8.1.2.4 Bleaching with sodium chlorite 8.1.2.5 Bleaching with hydrogen peroxide 8.1.2.6 Dyeing of bamboo textiles 8.1.2.7 Dyeing of bamboo, cotton, and bamboo/cotton fabrics 8.1.3 Dyeing of blends 8.1.4 Measurement of colour fastness properties of the fabrics 8.1.4.1 Wash fastness 8.1.4.2 Rubbing fastness 8.1.5 Measurement of colour strength (K/S) 8.1.6 Fabric fastness properties 8.1.6.1 Fabric fastness properties 8.1.7 Colour strength (K/S) 8.2 Summary References five Properties of bamboo fibres: physical, performance, comfort, thermal, and low stress mechanical properties 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Physical properties of natural bamboo fibres 5.2.1 Moisture absorption 5.2.2 Length and linear density 5.3 Tensile properties 5.4 Stress relaxation behaviour 5.5 Physical properties of bamboo viscose (pulp) fibres 5.6 Thermal properties 5.7 Low stress mechanical properties of bamboo and bamboo blended fabrics 5.7.1 Tensile properties (tensile tester KES-FB1) 5.7.2 Shear properties 5.7.3 Bending properties 5.7.4 Compression properties 5.7.5 Fabric compressibility 5.7.6 Surface properties 5.7.7 Fabric weight and thickness 5.7.8 Primary and total hand values 5.8 Summary References four Characterisation of bamboo fibres 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The chemical composition of bamboo fibres 4.3 Cellulose 4.4 Hemicellulose 4.5 Lignin 4.6 Structure of the bamboo fibre at the macro- and microlevel 4.7 Morphology of the elementary bamboo fibres 4.8 Studies on characterisation of structure of bamboo fibres 4.9 X-ray diffraction studies 4.10 Degree of crystallinity 4.11 FTIR studies 4.12 Summary References nine Applications and technoeconomics of bamboo fibres 9.1 Applications in the textile industry 9.1.1 Bamboo medical textiles and healthcare products 9.1.2 Textile clothing 9.2 Bamboo fibres in fashion 9.3 Bamboo fibres in paper production 9.4 Bamboo fibres in the construction industry 9.5 Bamboo fibre in composites 9.6 Future trends and technoeconomics of bamboo fibres 9.7 Summary References one Introduction and history of bamboo fibres 1.1 Introduction to bamboo and bamboo fibres 1.1.1 History of bamboo and bamboo fibres 1.1.1.1 Bamboo textiles 1.1.2 Taxonomy and geographical distribution 1.1.2.1 Taxonomy 1.1.2.2 Geographical distribution of bamboo 1.1.3 Prospects of bamboo fibres 1.1.3.1 Bamboo fibre composites References Further reading seven Antimicrobial properties of bamboo, bamboo fibres, and fabrics 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Antibacterial properties of bamboo extract 7.3 Antimicrobial properties of bamboo fibres and fabrics 7.3.1 Bamboo plant extraction 7.3.2 Bacterial strains 7.3.3 Methodology used 7.3.3.1 Collection of plant material 7.3.3.2 Extraction 7.3.3.3 Process 7.3.3.4 Finishing 7.3.4 Antimicrobial activity of fabrics 7.3.4.1 Preparation of inoculum 7.3.4.2 Inoculation 7.3.5 Evaluation of antimicrobial activity (qualitative agar diffusion test AATCC 147-2004) 7.3.5.1 Bacteriological incubator 7.3.5.2 Laminar air flow unit 7.3.5.3 Micropipette 7.3.6 Antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric treated with bamboo extract 7.4 Summary References six Production and properties of bamboo yarns and fabrics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Production and properties of bamboo and bamboo blended yarns 6.2.1 Methodology used for yarn production 6.2.2 Testing of yarns 6.3 Physical properties of bamboo and bamboo blended yarns 6.3.1 Yarn liner density 6.3.2 Twist in the yarn 6.3.3 Twist multiplier 6.4 Mechanical properties of yarns 6.4.1 Tensile properties 6.4.1.1 Lea strength 6.4.1.2 Count strength product 6.4.1.3 Tensile strength of single yarn (rupture kilometre) 6.5 Yarn evenness testing 6.6 Yarn hairiness 6.6.1 Uster yarn hairiness tester 6.7 Production and properties of bamboo and bamboo blended fabrics 6.7.1 Fabric production 6.7.2 Fabric testing 6.7.2.1 Geometrical parameters 6.7.2.1.1 Thread density 6.7.2.1.2 Yarn count 6.7.2.1.3 Crimp 6.7.2.1.4 GSM (g/m2) 6.7.2.1.5 Fabric thickness 6.7.2.1.6 Cover factor 6.7.2.1.7 Tensile strength 6.7.2.1.8 Tearing strength 6.7.2.1.9 Bursting strength 6.8 Tensile strength and tearing strength 6.9 Abrasion resistance 6.10 Pilling 6.11 Crease recovery 6.12 Flammability 6.13 Fabric stiffness 6.14 Drape 6.15 Permeability 6.16 Moisture content and moisture regain 6.17 Fabric wetting 6.18 Summary References three Extraction methods for bamboo fibres: various extraction methods, different types of bamboo fibres 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Bamboo fibre extraction methods 3.2.1 Extraction of natural bamboo fibres 3.2.1.1 Bamboo fibre extraction through mechanical process 3.3 Types of mechanical extraction methods 3.3.1 Steam explosion method 3.3.2 Crushing 3.3.3 Grinding 3.3.4 Rolling mill 3.3.5 Retting 3.3.5.1 Properties of pure bamboo fibres extracted by mechanical methods 3.4 Bamboo fibre process by chemical methods 3.4.1 Chemical retting 3.4.2 Alkali or acid retting 3.5 Biological methods 3.5.1 Microbial culture 3.6 Combined mechanical and chemical extraction methods 3.7 Extraction of fibres from bamboo shoot shell 3.8 Production of regenerated (pulp) bamboo fibres 3.8.1 Rayon process 3.8.2 Lyocell process (eco-friendly process to produce bamboo fibre) 3.9 Types of bamboo fibres 3.9.1 Natural bamboo fibres 3.9.2 Bamboo (viscose) rayon fibres 3.9.3 Bamboo charcoal fibre 3.9.3.1 Production of bamboo charcoal 3.9.3.2 Production of bamboo charcoal fibre 3.9.4 Natural bamboo fibre from LITRAX 3.10 Summary References two Growth characteristics of bamboo: types of bamboo, morphology of bamboo 2.1 World distribution of bamboo 2.2 Bamboo growth habitat 2.3 Growth process 2.4 Bamboo growing areas in India 2.5 Morphology of bamboo 2.6 Types of bamboo 2.6.1 Running bamboo 2.6.1.1 Types of running bamboo 2.6.2 Clumping bamboos 2.6.2.1 Types of clumping bamboo 2.7 Other varieties of bamboo (Chinese varieties) 2.7.1 Ornamental bamboo 2.7.1.1 Luo Han bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea) 2.7.1.2 Stringed bamboo (Bambusa blumeana) 2.7.1.3 Phoenix bamboo (Oligostachyum hupeheuse) 2.7.1.4 Square bamboo (Chimonobambusa quadrangularis) 2.7.1.5 Palm bamboo (Rhapis excelsa) 2.7.1.6 Dragon bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus) 2.7.1.7 Purple bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra) 2.7.2 Modern bamboo varieties 2.7.2.1 Single bamboo (Bambusa cerosissima) 2.7.2.2 Four seasons bamboo (Oligostachyum lubricum) 2.7.2.3 Ci bamboo (Neosinocalamus affinis/Bambusa emeiensis) 2.7.2.4 Spotted bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides) 2.7.2.5 Nan bamboo (Phoebe faberi) 2.7.2.6 Cinan bamboo (Category of Nan Bamboo) 2.7.2.7 Water bamboo (Phyllostachys heteroclada) 2.7.2.8 Gaojie bamboo (Phyllostachys prominens) 2.7.2.9 Arrow bamboo (Fargesia) 2.8 Chemical composition of bamboo References Index