Why the Police Should be Trained by Black People

Description

Why the Police Should be Trained by Black People aligns scholarly and community efforts to address how Black people are policed. It combines traditional models commonly taught in policing courses, with new approaches to teaching and training about law enforcement in the U.S. all from the Black lens. Black law enforcement professionals (seasoned and retired), scholars, community members, victims, and others make up the contributors to this training textbook written from the lens of the Black experience. Each chapter describes policing based on the experience of being Black in the US, with concern about the life and life chances for Black people. With five sections readers will be able to: Describe the history and theory of law enforcement, policing, and society in Black communities Critically address how law enforcement and the nature of police work intertwine with race-based societal and governmental norms and within law enforcement administration and management Understand the variation in pedagogy, recruitment, selection, and training that has impacted the experience of police officers, including Black police officers, and Black people in the US Explore the role of law enforcement as crime control and crime prevention agents as it relates to policing in Black communities and for Black people Address issues related to race and use of force, misconduct, the law, ethics/values Assess research, contemporary issues, and the future of law enforcement and policing, especially related to policing of Black people. Why the Police Should be Trained by Black People brings pedagogical and scholarly responsibility for policing in Black communities to life, revealing that police involved violence, community violence, and relative lived experiences do not exist in a vacuum. Written with students in mind, it is essential reading for those enrolled in policing courses including criminology, criminal justice, sociology, or social work, as well as those undertaking police academy and in-service police training. Cover Endorsement Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Figures Tables Contributors Foreword 1 An Introduction and Recommendation That Police Be Trained By Black People The Relationship Between Black People and the Police My Lived Experience, in Brief Calling the Police for Mentally Ill Black People Is Dangerous Contributing Authors’ Perspectives Discussion Questions and Concepts/Terms Bibliography Part I Evolution and Future of Policing Black People 2 Black Criminology and Criminal Justice 101 Police-Community Incidences and Police Training Black Criminology Nature vs. Nurture Social Structure Theories Rational Choice Theory Historical Context of Social Structure and Classical Criminological Theories Social Structure Theory and Law Enforcement’s Approach to Policing Blacks Theory Tested Policing and Urban Violence Applicability of Black Criminology—A Crime Incident: The Murder of Pop Smoke Conclusion Discussion Questions, Concepts/Terms, and Theorists Bibliography 3 Due Process and Justice in Black Communities Chapter Questions to Incite Opening Discussions Overview of Police Public Service Programs and Community Relations Attempts The Police Athletic League (PAL) Clubs Citizen Patrols Officer Friendly Civilian Police Review and Advisory Boards Community Policing A Public Health Approach to Address Health, Crime, Justice, and Safety The Lens of Social Epidemiology to Examine Crime in Black Communities The Lens of Legal Epidemiology to Examine Crime in Black Communities Citizen Science—A Strategy to Sustain Civility Between Police and Black Communities Chapter Conclusion Chapter Summary Discussion and Concepts/Terms Imitation of Life Media Study Reflection Activity Chapter Concepts/Terms Bibliography 4 Help Without Harm: Black Cops as Police Trainers Introduction The History of Policing and Slave Patrols Peel’s Principles of Law Enforcement (1829) The Civil Rights Era and the Policing of Black People The Policing of Black People in the Contemporary Era Why the “Right” Black Cops Should Develop and Conduct Police Training Conclusion Discussion Questions and Concepts/Terms Notes Bibliography Part II Black Culture, Cultural Diversity, and Sensitivity 5 The Media, Popular Culture, and the Portrayals of Black People Program Interruption The Birth of a Vicious Campaign The Classic TV Villain Meet “The Karens” Discussion Questions and Vocabulary Bibliography 6 The Black Church, the Civil Rights Movement, Black Lives Matter, and Police Training The Black Church The Civil Rights Movement of the 50s and 60s The Emergence of the Black Lives Matter Movement and Its Criticism Where Do We Go From Here? Summary and Conclusion Discussion and Concepts/Terms Bibliography 7 Seeing Beyond Their Lens – Understanding the Elements of Whiteness and Its Impact on the Policing of Black People Monoculturalism Whiteness Understanding Whiteness Whiteness and American History White Privilege White Supremacy White Privilege and White Fragility The Narrative of a White Society: The Negative Portrayal of Blacks and Its Impact Conclusion Discussion and Concepts/Terms Bibliography 8 Cultural Awareness Training for Police Officers: The Intergenerational Ma’at Way (I-Ma’at-Way) Introduction Community Policing Cultural Awareness Intergenerational Relationship Ma’at Development of the Cultural Awareness Training for Police Officers: The Intergenerational Ma’at Way (I-Ma’at-Way) Outcomes Impact/Significance Discussion and Concepts/Terms Bibliography Part III Being Black and Socially Vulnerable to Criminalization and Police-Projected Negative Bias 9 Gender and Sexism: The Criminalization of Black Women Introduction Are Black Women Victims? Theoretical Explanations of Black Female Victimization Historical Materialism Historical Womanism Criminalizing Non-Gender Normative Behaviors The Impact of Stereotypical Depictions of Black Women and Girls Chikesia Clemons Shakara Dejerria Becton Conclusion Discussion and Concepts/Terms Bibliography 10 Policing Black College Students The HBCU One Historic Moment, Policing Black College Students My Experience as an HBCU SGA President and HBCU Alum Critical Race Theory and the Policing of Black College Students History of Policing Black Bodies Policing HBCU Students Race, Ideology, Age, and Trust and Faith in Police Conclusion Discussion and Concepts/Terms Bibliography 11 The Black Middle Class: Invisible Victims Background Introduction Conceptual Framework Examples of Black Middle-Class Victimization The Salience of Middle-Class Membership Manifestations of Middle-Class Discrimination Case Examples Law Enforcement Handing Over Power to Whites Conclusion Discussion, Concepts/Terms, and Theorists Bibliography 12 Police Contribution to the Wrongful Conviction of Black People Wrongful Convictions Black People Are Socially Vulnerable to Wrongful Convictions Wrongful Conviction Cases Discussion and Concepts/Terms Bibliography 13 Ready to Explode: Urban Black Adolescent Interactions With Police and Law Enforcement Background of the Problem The Problem Evidence of Race-Based Police Practices How Communities of Color Often Perceive an Unequal Distribution of Justice Legitimacy and Legal Cynicism in Policing Urban Youth Dealing With the “Elephant in the Room”: Racism Overrepresentation of Black Youth in Criminal Justice Institutions Implications for Practice Youth as Police Trainers Conclusion Discussion and Concept/Terms Bibliography Part IV Hazards and Public Health Issues Implicated in Police–Black Community Interactions 14 Police-Initiated Trauma in the Black Community: Policy Implications and Recommendations for Reducing the Severity of … Introduction Literature Review Origin of Policing and “Overseeing” the Black Community Psychological Consequences of Exposure to Police Brutality Theoretical Framework Critical Race Theory Intersectionality Theory Policy Reforms, Recommendations, and Implications Crisis Intervention Teams Trauma-Informed Response Body Cameras Diversity Training Civilian Review Boards Black Lives Matter The Sentencing Project Policing Veterans The Leadership Conference On Civil and Human Rights U.S. Department of Justice Consent Decrees Implications for Black Males, the Black Community, and Law Enforcement Black Males and Psychological Trauma Implications for the Black Community Implications for Law Enforcement Conclusion Discussion and Concepts/Terms Bibliography 15 Trauma-Informed Policing From the Sociological Lens An Introduction to Trauma-Informed Policing Law Enforcement in Fragile Communities Trauma-Informed Care in Fragile Communities/The Sociological Perspective Understanding Trauma/Acute and Complex Trauma The Prevalence of Trauma in Fragile Communities The Prevalence of Trauma in Fragile Communities Discussion and Concepts/Terms Bibliography 16 Guns as Hazards to Black Life Introduction The Black Lens Gun Deaths of Black People Are Falsely Perpetuated as an Acceptable Cultural Norm Police-Involved Homicides Guns and Street Violence Guns and Suicide Guns, Domestic Violence, and Intimate Partner Violence Conclusion Discussion and Concepts/Terms Bibliography 17 Policing the Black Inmate in Solitary Confinement Introduction Theory of Colorblind Racism The Pennsylvania Prison System and Solitary Confinement Research The Structures of Solitary Confinement Impact and Characteristics of Solitary Confinement Conclusion Discussion and Concept/Terms Bibliography Part V Accountability Factors and Issues in the Policing of Black People 18 Past, Present, and Future of Policing Styles and Management of Officers Introduction Past Black People and 21st-Century Policing Present Transformational Leadership Transactional Leadership Conclusion: The Future and Police Reform Civilian Oversight of the Police Adopting the Transformational Leadership Style Discussion and Concepts/Terms Bibliography 19 Police Training By Youth, the Racially Profiled, Former Gang Bangers, and Survivors of Police Brutality Police Training Led By Black Victims of Police Brutality, Youth, Former Gang Bangers, and the Racially Profiled Combatting Negative Stereotypes Through Counter-Stereotype Training Negative Stereotyping, Hindsight Bias, and Blaming the Victim Definition and Benefits of Counter-Stereotyping Importance of Meaningful Interactions in Counter-Stereotyping Interviews With Black Youth to Establish Meaningful Interactions Experience of the Racially Profiled The Experience of a Former Gang Banger The Experience and Insight From One Black Male Survivor of Police Brutality Conclusion: Responding to Feelings of Powerlessness and Helplessness Among Youth, the Racially Profiled, Former Gang … Discussion and Concepts/Terms Bibliography 20 Militarization and Stop and Frisk: Using Critical Race Theory to Analyze Training of Police Officers Introduction Critical Race Theory History of Racialized Policing Militarization of the Police Stop and Frisk History Impact On Black Communities Conclusion Discussion and Concepts/Terms Bibliography Afterword Index