Smart Cities Cybersecurity and Privacy

Description

Smart Cities Cybersecurity and Privacy examines the latest research developments and their outcomes for safe, secure, and trusting smart cities residents. Smart cities improve the quality of life of citizens in their energy and water usage, healthcare, environmental impact, transportation needs, and many other critical city services. Recent advances in hardware and software, have fueled the rapid growth and deployment of ubiquitous connectivity between a city's physical and cyber components. This connectivity however also opens up many security vulnerabilities that must be mitigated. Smart Cities Cybersecurity and Privacy helps researchers, engineers, and city planners develop adaptive, robust, scalable, and reliable security and privacy smart city applications that can mitigate the negative implications associated with cyber-attacks and potential privacy invasion. It provides insights into networking and security architectures, designs, and models for the secure operation of smart city applications. Cover SMART CITIES CYBERSECURITY AND PRIVACY Copyright Dedication Contributors About the Editors Preface Acknowledgements 1 The New Era of Smart Cities, From the Perspective of the Internet of Things Introduction Evolution of the Smart City Components of a Smart City Smart City an Urban Development Smart City Architecture IoT for Smart City Cyber Security and Privacy in Smart Cities Future of the Smart City With Respect to the IoT Conclusion References 2 Community-Based Security for the Internet of Things Introduction State of the Art on App Security Community-Based Security Multipeer Credibility Checking Incentive-Based Community Formation Multipath Authentication Experimental Implementations Proposed Architecture Outlook References 3 Blockchain-Based Security and Privacy in Smart Cities Introduction The Internet of Things in Smart Cities Smart Cities and Big Data Blockchain in Smart Cities Blockchain Disadvantages Use of Blockchain E-Governance Blockchain in e-Governance Security in Smart Contracts Reentrancy Vulnerability Smart City Security Model Data Management and Distribution Communication Privacy-Key Management Securing Third Parties Automation of Procedures-Smart Contracts Protocols Conclusions and Outlook Appendix Smart Contract Proposal for Private Data Settlement in e-Governance The Recommendation Procedure-Prerequisites Certificate References Further Reading 4 Privacy-Aware Physical Layer Security Techniques for Smart Cities Introduction Privacy-Aware Smart Cities Smart City Applications Privacy and Security Issues Overview of Physical Layer Security Techniques Background Security Mechanisms Against External Eavesdroppers Single Source-Destination Pair Single Source-Destination Pair With Trusted Helper Nodes Multiuser Scenario Secure IoT With Untrusted Users Communication Without Helper Nodes Communication With Helper Nodes Joint Optimization of Key Resource Allocation Parameters in PLS Smart Resource Allocation Strategies Subcarrier Allocation Power Allocation Subcarrier Pairing Mode Selection Optimal Cooperation Among the IoT Nodes Helper Node as a Jammer Helper Node as a Relay Smart-Friendly Jamming for Secrecy Enhancement Joint Source and Jammer Resource Allocation Problem Subcarrier Allocation at the Source Subcarrier Allocation at the Jammer, and Jammer Power Boundaries Joint Optimization of Source and Jammer Power Numerical Results and Discussion Trusted Relay-Assisted Security Improvement of Untrusted Users Secure DF Relaying Without Direct Link Availability Sum Rate Maximization Subcarrier Allocation Power Allocation Sum Power Minimization Results and Discussion Secure DF Relaying Under Direct Link Availability Secure Amplify and Forward Relaying Novel Proposals and Future Research Directions Specific Attack Mechanisms for IoT Systems Novel Security Proposals Optimal Localization of Helper Node(s) Subcarrier Pairing Future Research Directions Building-Up Mutual Trust Implementing Security Under Channel Estimation Errors Utilizing Energy Harvesting Technology for Secrecy Enhancement Securing Next Generation Networks Exploiting the Massive Antenna Array Applications Physical Layer Security Test Bed: A Proof of Concept Conclusion References 5 Crowdsensing and Privacy in Smart City Applications Introduction Defining Crowdsensing Sensing Sensors and Sensing Crowdsensing in Smart Cities Defining Crowdsensing Privacy in Crowdsensing Privacy Laws in Australia Privacy Obligations Security of Personal Information Compliance Implications Privacy Policy Use or Disclosure Privacy and Security Risks Privacy Implications Privacy Infringement Publication of That Is Data Against the Law Trade Secret Protection Infringement Mosaic Effect Privacy Protection Mechanisms in Crowdsensing Avoidance Cryptography Anonymity and Pseudonyms Data Obfuscation Access Control Mechanisms Case Study: Privacy in Crowdsensing for Disaster Management A Motivating Disaster Scenario Crowdsensing in Disasters Privacy in Disaster Management Case Study: Citizen Privacy in Aadhaar About Aadhaar Authentication and Authorization Biometrics and Privacy Biometrics Are Not Secret Biometrics Matching Biometrics and Authentication Privacy Pitfalls of Authentication Authentication Guidelines Seek Consent Select Minimal Identity Limit Storage Avoid Linking Issues of Privacy Leaks With Aadhaar User Expectation Insider Attacks Security of Aadhaar Issues in Anonymization and Virtual IDs Conclusion Acknowledgments References 6 Privacy Preservation in Smart Cities Introduction Privacy Concerns and Attacks in Smart Cities Privacy Concerns in Smart Cities Smart Mobility Smart Home Smart Grid Smart Healthcare Smart Cards Up-to-Date Attacks Background Knowledge Attack Collusion Attack Sybil Attack Eavesdropping Attack Spam Attack Linkability Attack Inside Curious Attack Outside Forgery Attack Discussion on Attacks Current Privacy Protection Methods Cryptography Biometrics Differential Privacy Blockchain Game Theory Machine Learning and Data Mining Nontechnological Strategies Social Link Privacy Protection Machine Learning-Based Social Link Privacy Recommendation-Based Social Link Privacy Data Sanitization-Based Social Link Privacy Location Privacy in Smart Cities Location-Based Services in Smart Cities Location Privacy Protection Based on Differential Privacy Future Research Directions and Perspectives Data Minimization Personalized Protection Privacy by Design The Trade-Off Between Privacy and Data Utility Transparency and Self-Control Summary References 7 Privacy and Security Aspects of E-Government in Smart Cities Introduction E-Government in Smart Cities Security of E-Government Dimensions of Security in E-Government Technologies for Secure E-Government Systems Security Challenges Privacy Preserving for E-Government Privacy Preserving Through Security Measures Privacy-Preserving Challenges A Secure and Privacy-Preserving E-Government Framework Conclusions References 8 Big Data in Cybersecurity for Smart City Applications Introduction Brief Review on Big Data-Enabled Cybersecurity in the Smart City Smart Healthcare Systems in Smart Cities Securing Smart Healthcare Data Smart Transportation Systems in Smart Cities Securing Smart Transportation Systems in Smart Cities Smart Energy Grid in Smart Cities Securing Smart Energy Summary References 9 Free Public Wi-Fi Security in a Smart City Context-An End User Perspective Introduction to Wi-Fi-An End User's Perspective Typical Wi-Fi Attacks/Vulnerabilities: An Overview Typical Wi-Fi Attacks and Vulnerabilities Outsider Attacks Packet Analyzing/Sniffing Evil Twins Rogue Networks/Honeypots Insider Mistakes/Vulnerabilities Rogue Access Points Mishandled Wi-Fi Security Setups Remedial/Preventative Recommendations End User Wi-Fi Security Advice Provider/Management Wi-Fi Security Advice End User Information Security Portal Development Service Delivery Documents and Policies Smart City Wi-Fi Provisioning User Authentication End User Authentication Techniques Simple Acceptance Sign-up Using a Unique Identifier Sign-in Using Third-Party Service Credentials Analysis of User Authentication Techniques Exemplary Smart City Wi-Fi User Authentication Barcelona Geneva Smart City Wi-Fi Comparative Analysis and Discussion Future Research Directions and Perspectives Conclusion References 10 Techniques for Privacy Preserving Data Publication in the Cloud for Smart City Applications Overview Heuristic Anonymization Considerations Proposed Heuristic Anonymization Technique for Privacy Preservation Heuristic K-Anonymity Technique Heuristic (L-Diversity) and (α, k)-Anonymity Technique Experimental Results and Evaluation Discussion of Validation Summary References 11 Security in Smart Cyber-Physical Systems: A Case Study on Smart Grids and Smart Cars Introduction General Smart Cyber-Physical System Architecture Smart Cyber-Physical System: Smart Grids Electric Power system Power System Operation and Control Communication Technology Smart Cyber-Physical System: Smart Cars Common Bus Smart Subsystems Security in Smart Cyber-Physical Systems: Smart Grids Countermeasures Protection of Critical Devices Moving Target Defense Detection of FDIAs Data-Driven Approach Security in Smart Cyber-Physical Systems: Smart Cars Countermeasures Attack Prevention Techniques Attack Detection and Mitigation Statistics-Oriented Techniques Semantics-Oriented Techniques Conclusion and Future Directions References 12 Priority-Based and Privacy-Preserving Electric Vehicle Dynamic Charging System With Divisible E-Payment Introduction Literature Review Anonymous Authentication Schemes for Electric Vehicle Charging E-Payment Schemes Electric Vehicle Charging Priority Determination Preliminaries and System Models Network Model Adversary and Threat Model Cryptographic Hash Function Attribute-Based Encryption Access Structures Linear Secret-Sharing Schemes Bilinear Pairing Zero-Knowledge Proof Blind-LRSW Signature Proposed System Overview Initialization Purchase of E-Coins Proposed Scheme Modes of Operation Priority Mode of the Proposed Scheme Regular Mode of the Proposed Scheme Hierarchical Authentication Coin Deposit Security and Privacy Analysis Payment Attacks Priority Determination Attacks Authentication Attacks Performance Analysis Computation Overhead Communication Overhead Conclusions and Future Work Acknowledgments References 13 Secure IoT Structural Design for Smart Homes Smart Home Security Introduction X.805 Standard Secure IoT Structural Design for Smart Cities Power Internet of Things (PIoT) Power Internet of Things (PIoT)-Introduction Security Framework and Attacks Security Attacks' Counter-Actions, Layer-Wise Our Approach Conclusions Acknowledgments Further Reading 14 Outlier Discrimination and Correction in Intelligent Transportation Systems Introduction Problem Formulation Traffic Condition Data Mining Discovery Over Low Rank Structure Temporal Stability Feature Spatial Correlation Feature ODC Method Based on Compressive Sensing Overview Optimization of Compressive Sensing Temporal Stability Improvement Spatial Correlation Improvement Optimized Compressive Sensing Algorithm Faulty Data Detection Approach Based on the Temporal Stability Feature Performance Evaluation Evaluation Settings Performance Analysis: Faulty Data Discrimination Performance Analysis: Missing Data Reconstruction Convergence of ODC Related Work Conclusion References 15 Secure Data Dissemination for Smart Transportation Systems Introduction Dissemination Protocols Centralized Scheme Single-Hop Dissemination Protocols Static Period-Based Protocols Adaptive Protocols Scheduled Transmission-Based Protocols Multihop Dissemination Protocols Topology-Based Protocols Time-Based Protocols Cluster-Based Protocols Contention-Based Protocols Adaptive Protocols Secure Data Dissemination Conclusion and Future Challenges References 16 Connected Cars: Automotive Cybersecurity and Privacy for Smart Cities Introduction Chapter Layout Part I: Smart Transportation Part II: Vehicle-Infrastructure Integration AVs and V2V Communication Overview of AVs Overview of V2V Threats Against AVs Security and Privacy for AVs Threats Against V2V Security and Privacy for V2V V2I and I2V Communication Threats Against Connected Cars due to V2I/I2V Security and Privacy for Connected Cars Threats Against Intelligent Transportation Infrastructure due to V2I/I2V Security and Privacy for Intelligent Transportation Infrastructure Conclusions and Future Work Acknowledgments References 17 Fraud Detection Model Based on Multi-Verse Features Extraction Approach for Smart City Applications Introduction Related Work CCFD Based on Decision Trees and SVM CCFD Based on Genetic Algorithms CCFD Based on Neural Networks CCFD Based on Bayesian Networks CCFD Based on the Hidden Markov Model CCFD Based on Parenclitic Networks Reconstruction CCFD Based on Meta-Learning Summary of CCFD Based on Classification Algorithms Proposed Credit Card Fraud Detection Model Based on Multi-Verse Features Extraction (CCFD-MVFEX) Support Vector Machine Multi-Verse Feature EXtraction Model (MVFEX) Results and Discussion Conclusion References Further Reading 18 Privacy Preserving Data Utility Mining Architecture Introduction Privacy Challenges in CC Privacy and Security Challenges in CC Privacy Violation and Data Mining Privacy Challenges in Smart Cities Applications of a Smart City Data Utility Preserving Hybrid Generalization Data Relocation Technique Results and Evaluation Discussion of Validation Summary References 19 Smart Megaprojects in Smart Cities, Dimensions, and Challenges Introduction Smart Cities Smartly Use Information Smart City: Dimensions and Components Data and Information Management in Smart Cities Dimensions and Criteria for the Megaprojects Management Security and Privacy in a Smart City Conclusion References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z Back Cover